Table 5.
Binary multivariate logistic regression of responses to the EQ-5D items in type 2 diabetics, odds ratios (95% CI)
| EQ-5D dimensions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mobility | Self-care | Usual activities | Pain/discomfort | Anxiety/depression | |
| Sex (male = 0, female = 1) |
0.68 (0.38 - 1.21) | 0.59 (0.23 - 1.54) | 0.47 (0.25 - 0.88)* | 0.82 (0.53 - 1.27) | 0.91 (0.54 - 1.52) |
| Age (in 10 years) |
1.36 (1.03 - 1.80)* | 0.83 (0.55 - 1.25) | 1.34 (1.00 - 1.80) | 1.03 (0.83 - 1.24) | 0.78 (0.62 - 0.99)* |
| Impaired vision (normal = 0, reduced = 1) |
2.96 (1.44 - 6.10)** | 2.29 (0.77 - 6.75) | 0.89 (0.39 - 2.04) | ----- | 1.46 (0.71 - 3.01) |
| Ischemic heart disease (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.97 (0.91 - 4.25) | 1.77 (0.54 - 5.86) | 1.14 (0.48 - 2.71) | 2.51 (1.27 - 4.97)** | 1.15 (0.53 - 2.50) |
| Proteinuria (no = 0, yes = 1) | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | 0.42 (0.14 - 1.29) |
| Foot Ulcer (no = 0, yes = 1) | 0.32 (0.07 - 1.39) | 0.73 (0.11 - 4.67) | 2.11 (0.48 - 9.39) | 2.18 (0.54 - 8.79) | 7.00 (1.53 - 31.97)* |
| Stroke (no = 0, yes = 1) | 3.50 (1.13 - 10.82)* | 1.45 (0.23 - 9.13) | 4.48 (1.38 - 14.59)* | 1.99 (0.72 - 5.54) | 2.14 (0.69 - 6.62) |
| Neuropathy (no = 0, yes = 1) | 12.07 (3.30 - 44.12)*** | 2.74 (0.57 - 13.25) | 3.08 (0.84 - 11.26) | Predicts perfectly# | 1.29 (0.40 - 4.16) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2 ) | 1.12 (1.05 - 1.19)*** | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Disability pension (no = 0, yes = 1) | ----- | ----- | 2.38 (1.20 - 4.69)* | ----- | |
| Number of hospital admissions during previous 6 months | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | 1.87 (1.14 - 3.07)* |
| Receives help from others (no = 0, yes = 1) | 5.85 (3.00 - 11.38)*** | 6.95 (2.58 - 18.73)*** | 4.67 (2.21 - 9.87)*** | ----- | ----- |
| Hypoglycaemia index## | ----- | ----- | ----- | 1.68 (1.13 - 2.49)* | 1.08 (0.70 - 1.68) |
| Fear of hypoglycaemia### (small = 0, large = 1) | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | 5.76 (3.36 - 9.87)*** |
| Limitations at work### (small = 0, large = 1) | ----- | ---- | 6.95 (3.56 -13.56)*** | ----- | ----- |
| Limitations socially### (small = 0, large = 1) | ----- | ---- | 1.33 (0.67 - 2.62) | ----- | ----- |
| Log likelihood | -156.08 | -66.13 | -136.85 | -232.10 | -187.32 |
* p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
# All patients reporting neuropathy also reports having problems in the PAIN/DISCOMFORT dimension of the EQ-5D.
Cells with dotted line indicate that the variable was not included in the model.
## Self reported episodes of hypoglycaemia, with 4 levels of severity (level 1 = hypoglycaemia cured with the intake of for example fluids containing sugar, no help from other required, level 2 = hypoglycaemia cured with the intake of for example fluids containing sugar, help from others required, level 3 = hypoglycaemia with help from doctor required (no hospital admission), level 4 = hypoglycaemia resulting in hospital admission), then added with severity weights (level 1 × 1, level 2 × 2, level 3 × 3, level 4 × 4) and finally divided in 3 groups 0, 1-11 and 12 to max
### Self reported on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 = not at all, 5 = very much), recoded to 2 levels (> and < than 2.5 due to imputed values having values with decimals)