Table 1.

Protozoan interactions and their regulatory effects on DC.

Parasite	Product	Putative DC Receptor ¶		Effect on DC		Effect on DC upon TLR stimuli	Ref.
Plasmodium
P. berghei	Infection	N.D.	↓	Tcell priming	↓	IL-12p70,
						endocytic activity	[22]
					↑	IL-10
	Infection	TLR9		Immature
			↓	T cell priming, shorter DC/T cell interactions	↓	CD40, CD86,
						MHCII, IL-12p70	[6, 23, 24, 30]
					↑	IL-10
P. yoelii			↑	Treg*			[21, 31]
	Soluble Factors	N.D.	↓	IL-12	↓	CD40, CD86,	[27]
						MHCII, IL-12
P. vivax	Infection	N.D.	↓	mDC:pDC		N.D.	[6, 12]
			↑	Treg*
P. chabaudi	Infection	N.D.	↑	CD8- DC		N.D.	[13]
				Th2*
P. falciparum	Merozoite	N.D.	↓	IL-12p70, IFNγ*		N.D.
			↑	ERK,IL-10,			[2, 20]
				IL-10*
	Hemozoin	N.D.	↓	Immature Differentiation Migration		N.D.	[19, 28]
	Soluble extracts	N.D.		Immature	↓	IL-12	[27]
			↓	IL-12
Leishmania
L. major	Promastigote Amastigote	N.D.		Immature		N.D.	[55]
			↓	IL-10
	LPGs	TLR2	↓	Motility Migration		N.D.	[54]
	PGs		↓	IL-12p40, IFNγ*	↓	IL-12p40	[56]
			↑	IL-4*, IL-10*
	ES	N.D.		Immature		N.D.
			↓	DC-SIGN, IL-10,			[57]
				IL-12p70
L. amazonensis	Promastigote	N.D.		Immature		IL-12p40, IL-10
			↑	ERK	↓	IL-12p70,	[45, 48, 49, 65]
			↓	IL-12p40	↑	IL-6
L. mexicana	Promastigote	N.D.		Immature		N.D.
			↓	IL-12 Apoptosis			[50]
	LPG	N.D.		IL-12		N.D.
			↓	NFkB			[51]
L. donovani	Promastigote	N.D.		Immature		N.D.
				Migration, CCR7,
			↓	CD11b, CD51,			[52, 53]
				CD86, IL-12p70
	ES	N.D.		Immature		N.D.
			↓	DC-SIGN, IL-10, IL-12p70			[57]
Trypanosoma
T. cruzi	Infection and Soluble Factors	N.D.		Immature		Migration, IL-12, TNFα,
				DC number,	↓	IL-6, HLA-DR,	[66, 69, 70]
			↓	T cell priming,		CD40,CD86
				IL-12, TNF-α
	Trypomastigote	N.D.		Immature		TNF-α,IL-12p70, IL-6,
			↑	TGF-β, IL-10	↓	CD40, HLA-DR,	[68, 71]
					↑	IL-10
	GIPLs	N.D.		IL-12, TNFα,		TNF-α,IL-12, IL-10,
			↓	IL-10	↓	CD83, CD80, CD86,	[67]
						CD40, HLA-DR
	Sialyted structures	Siglec-E		N.D.	↓	IL-12p40, IL12p70
					↑	IL-10	[17]
Toxoplasma
T. gondii	Infection	N.D.		N.D.	↓	IL-12p40	[87, 91]
	Tachyzoites	N.D.		Immature		IL-12p40,
			↑	Motility Migration	↓	TNF-α, MHCII	[87, 89, 92]
			↓	T cell priming
	Soluble Factors	N.D.		Immature		N.D.	[91, 93]
			↑	DC attraction
	Endogenous LXA4 parasite-induced	FRPL-1	↑	SOCS2		N.D.	[16]
		AhR	↓	IL-12
Giardia
Giardia lamblia	parasite extracts	N.D.		CD80, CD86,	↑	IL-10	[94]
			↑	CD40	↓	IL-12, MHCII,
				IL-12, TNF-α,		CD80,CD86
			↓	IL-10

¶ Involved in modulatory effects on DC.

*T cell response.