Table 2.

Helminth products interactions and their regulatory effects on DC.

Parasite	Product	Putative DC Receptor¶		Effect on DC		Effect on DC upon TLR stimuli	Ref.
Nematodes
B. malayi	Microfilarie alive	N.D.		Immature	↓	MIP-1, IL-12p70, IL-1α, IFN-α, IL-12p40, MyD88, NFkB (p50-p65)
				TLR4,TLR3
			↓	IL-8, RANTES,			[103]
			↑	TNF- α, IL-1 α, IL-1β,
				SOCS1, SOCS3
				DC apoptosis
	Microfilarie Ag	N.D.	↑	CD80, CD40, MHCI	↓	IL-12p40,
						IL-12p70, IL-10	[10]
N. brasiliensis	NES	N.D.	↑	OX40L, CD86Th2*	↓	IL-12p70	[105]
A. suum	PI	N.D.		Immature	↓	IL-12p40	[9]
	PCF	N.D.		Immature		IL-12,
					↓	CD40, CD86	[106]
	Glycosphingolipids	N.D.		Immature	↓	IL-12p40,
	(PC cointained but PC independent)					TNFα, CD86	[107]
A. vitae	ES-62 (PC contain)	TLR4		TLR4, CD80 *		IL-12, TNFα
			↑	IL-12p40 (low),	↓↑	IL-10
				TNFα (low)
				Th2*			[108, 110]
H. polygyrus	ES	N.D.		Immature		IL-12, TNFα
				IFNγ*, IL-4*		MCP1, RANTES,	[113, 114]
			↓↑	IL-10(Treg)*	↓	MHCII, CD40, CD86
	Calreticulin	SR-A		N.D.		N.D.	[116]
Trematodes
S. mansoni	SEA	DC-SIGN, MR, MGL		Immature
				DC-SIGN,MR,	↓	IL-12p40,IL-12p70, TNFα, IL-6, MHCII, CD80, CD86
			↑	DCIR, MGL,			[18, 124–126]
				Jagged 2,TLR4
				Th2*	↑	IL-10
	LNFPIII	TLR4		Immature		N.D.
			↑	ERK, NFkB,			[15, 128]
				Th2*
	Lysophospahtidyl-serine	TLR2	↑	ERK, c-fos,	↓	IFNγ*	[11, 115]
				Th2*, Treg*
Cestodes
E. granulosus	AgB	N.D.		IRAKp, NF-kB,		IL-12p70,
			↑	TNF-αlow,	↓	TNFα, IL-6,
				IL-10low, IL-6low,		IL-10, HLA-DR
				Th2*		CD80, CD86	[14]
T. crassiceps	ES	N.D.	↑	MHCII,	↓	IL-15, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, TNFα, CD80, CD86, CD40, CCR7, IFNγ*
	(carbohydrate dependent)			Th2*

¶ Involved in modulatory effects on DC.

* T cell response.