Table 1.
Bivariate analysis of categorical variables investigated as potential risk factors for severe malarial anemia in Kisumu, Kenya*
| Variable | No. (%) cases, n = 80 | No. (%) controls, n = 826 | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household head is male | 70 (87.5) | 565 (68.4) | 3.2 (1.6–6.3) | 0.0004 |
| Presence of wage earner other than caregiver | 41 (51.3) | 365 (44.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 0.2253 |
| At least one self-reported household malaria case during previous month | 25 (31.3) | 340 (41.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.0829 |
| Child's age | < 0.0001 | |||
| < 6 months | 8 (10.0) | 86 (10.4) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.9082 |
| 6 months–3 years | 61 (76.3) | 338 (40.9) | 4.6 (2.7–7.9) | < 0.0001 |
| 3–5 years | 8 (10.0) | 212 (25.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.0018 |
| > 5 years | 3 (3.8) | 190 (23.0) | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Child regularly spends ≥ 1 night/month in rural area | 28 (35.0) | 34 (4.1) | 12.5 (7.1–22.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Child slept under a bed net during previous week | 41 (51.3) | 374 (45.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 0.3152 |
| Child shares a sleeping room | 79 (98.8) | 800 (96.9) | NA | NA |
| Child was born in a rural area | 11 (13.8) | 86 (10.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.3586 |
| Prior household residence was rural | 32 (40.0) | 128 (15.5) | 3.7 (2.3–6.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Ownership of current residence | 21 (26.3) | 207 (25.1) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 0.8434 |
| Ownership of land other than residence | 62 (77.5) | 406 (49.2) | 3.5 (2.1–6.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Ownership of rural land | 49 (61.3) | 267 (32.3) | 3.3 (2.1–5.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Bed net ownership | 45 (56.3) | 431 (52.2) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 0.4863 |
| ITN ownership | 20 (25.0) | 220 (26.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.7518 |
| Use mosquito coils for malaria prevention | 42 (52.5) | 555 (67.2) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.0074 |
| House has open eaves or poorly covered windows | 58 (72.5) | 539 (65.2) | 2.0 (1.1–3.6) | 0.0164 |
| House wall materials (stone or brick) | 28 (35.0) | 314 (38.0) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.954 |
| House floor not earthen | 61 (76.3) | 665 (80.5) | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 0.5259 |
| Presence of windows | 70 (87.5) | 800 (96.9) | 0.8 (0.2–2.6) | 0.7244 |
| Standing or running water within 10 meters | 32 (40.0) | 149 (18.0) | 3.9 (2.4–6.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Primary source of washing water is natural | 16 (20.0) | 63 (7.6) | 3.0 (1.7–5.6) | 0.0002 |
| Domestic animals kept overnight at residence | 22 (27.5) | 103 (12.5) | 2.7 (1.6–4.5) | 0.0002 |
| Level of urbanization | 0.3323 | |||
| Semi-rural | 30 (37.5) | 291 (35.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.6852 |
| Peri-urban | 41 (51.3) | 388 (47.0) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 0.4645 |
| Urban | 9 (11.3) | 147 (17.8) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.1386 |
*
CI = confidence interval; NA = not available; ITN = insecticide-treated bed net. Statistically significant values are shown in bold.