Table 3.

Estimated effects of adverse childhood experiences on lifetime risk of DSM–IV disorders in bivariate, multivariate additive and interactive survival models

Effect	Bivariate modela OR (95% CI)	Multivariate additive model,a OR (95% CI)	Interactive survival modelb OR (95% CI)
Death of parent	2.0 (0.4-9.7)	1.8 (0.4-8.6)	2.4 (0.4-13.1)
Other parental loss	0.7 (0.2-2.7)	0.5 (0.1-2.3)	1.0 (0.2-6.40)
Parental mental health or substance use disorder	10.9 (1.9-63.0)*	9.8 (2.1-45.1)*	5.4 (0.8-35.5)
Family violence	0.7 (0.3-1.7)	0.6 (0.2-1.8)	0.4 (0.1-1.7)
Neglect/abuse	3.0 (0.8-11.7)	2.5 (0.8-7.4)	1.5 (0.5-5.0)
Other adversity	0.3 (0.1-0.6)	0.3 (0.1-0.6)	0.5 (0.2-1.4)

OR, odds ratio.

*P < 0.05, two-sided test.

a. Six separate bivariate models were estimated; one for each adverse childhood experience. The multivariate additive model included a separate dummy variable predictor for each of the six adversities in a single prediction equation.

b. Based on discrete-time survival models with person-year as the unit of analysis pooled across the different DSM—IV disorders, controlling for age-at-interview, gender and person-year. Included all the predictors in the additive model plus a series of three dummy predictor variables for the number of adverse childhood experiences experienced by the respondent (exactly two, three or more than three).