Table 4.

Estimated effects of types and numbers of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on the lifetime risk of three classes of DSM–IV disorders^a

	Mood disorders OR (95% CI)	Anxiety disorders OR (95% CI)	Substance use disorders OR (95% CI)
Parent death	2.2 (0.5-10.5)	0.5 (0.3-1.2)	0.9 (0.4-1.9)
Other parent loss	0.9 (0.2-4.9)	1.1 (0.3-3.6)	1.0 (0.5-1.9)
Parent mental or substance use disorder	6.3 (1.2-32.9)*	1.7 (0.6-4.9)	1.8 (0.4-7.7)
Family violence/criminal behaviour	0.7 (0.1-3.5)	0.7 (0.2-2.0)	5.6 (2.5-12.9)*
Neglect/abuse	1.4 (0.4-4.6)	1.6 (0.9-3.1)	3.4 (2.2-5.4)*
Other adversity	0.4 (0.1-1.2)	1.1 (0.4-2.8)	1.2 (0.6-2.5)
Experience 2 or more ACE v. 0	3.6 (0.3-49.3)	0.9 (0.2-4.6)	1.5 (0.3-7.6)
Experience 3 or more ACE v. 0	1.6 (0.0-90.8)	11.4 (1.8-73.6)*	0.53 (0.1-4.2)

OR, odds ratio.

a. Based on discrete-time survival models with person-year as the unit of analysis pooled separately across DSM—IV disorders in each of the three classes, controlling for age-at-interview, gender and person-year.

*P < 0.05, two-sided test.