Table 3.
Lifetime comorbidity of DSM–IV/CIDI bipolar disorder with and without rapid cycling (RC) (12-month BPD-RC group v. 12-month BPD-nonRC group, 12-month BPD-RC group v. lifetime BPD-nonRC group)a
| Comorbidity | Sample (n) | 12-month BPD-RC group OR (95% CI) | 12-month BPD-nonRC group OR (95% CI) | χ2b | Other lifetime BPD-nonRC group OR (95% CI) | 12-month BPD-RC group v. lifetime BPD-nonRC group, χ2b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any anxiety disorders | Part 2 (28 988) | 25.2 (12.0-53.0) | 8.7 (5.7-13.3) | 7.3 | 5.5 (3.4-8.9) | 16.2 |
| Generalised anxiety disorder | Part 1 (54 257) | 13.8 (9.0-21.3) | 7.6 (5.0-11.5) | 5.2 | 5.7 (3.6-9.0) | 11.0 |
| Agoraphobia | Part 1 (54 257) | 10.2 (5.1-20.5) | 7.1 (3.7-13.4) | 0.8 | 5.7 (3.1-10.6) | 1.9 |
| Specific phobia | Part 1 (54 257) | 11.5 (7.6-17.5) | 6.6 (4.5-9.7) | 4.9 | 2.9 (2.0-4.3) | 29.8 |
| Social phobiac | Part 1 (54 257) | 13.6 (8.7-21.2) | 7.0 (4.8-10.4) | 5.9 | 6.1 (4.1-9.1) | 8.5 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | Part 2 (28 988) | 6.9 (4.5-10.5) | 6.7 (4.5-9.9) | 0.0 | 4.1 (2.6-6.6) | 4.4 |
| Obsessive—compulsive disorder | Randomly selected Part 2 (17 454) | 7.4 (2.9-19.3) | 7.5 (3.3-16.9) | 0.0 | 3.5 (1.5-8.1) | 2.2 |
| Panic disorder | Part 1 (54 257) | 10.9 (6.3-18.8) | 7.7 (4.5-13.1) | 1.2 | 3.2 (1.7-6.0) | 10.6 |
| Panic attack | Part 1 (54 257) | 10.3 (6.0-17.7) | 7.0 (4.7-10.3) | 1.7 | 4.4 (2.9-6.6) | 9.2 |
| Separation anxietyc,d |
Part 2 (28 988)
|
9.9 (5.8-16.9)
|
8.3 (4.9-14.1)
|
0.2
|
4.8 (2.7-8.6)
|
4.3 |
| Any substance use disorders | Part 2 (28 988) | 6.9 (4.5-10.7) | 5.2 (3.5-7.6) | 1.3 | 4.1 (2.7-6.4) | 4.1 |
| Alcohol misuse | Part 2 (28 988) | 6.5 (4.2-10.3) | 4.9 (3.3-7.4) | 1.2 | 4.3 (2.7-6.9) | 2.2 |
| Alcohol dependence | Part 1 (54 257) | 6.8 (4.0-11.7) | 5.7 (3.5-9.3) | 0.4 | 5.4 (3.1-9.6) | 0.5 |
| Drug misuse | Part 2 (28 988) | 4.6 (2.8-7.4) | 4.4 (2.9-6.8) | 0.0 | 2.7 (1.7-4.4) | 3.3 |
| Drug dependencee |
Part 1 (54 257)
|
5.1 (2.5-10.2)
|
5.0 (2.6-10.0)
|
0.0
|
2.8 (1.4-5.7)
|
2.8
|
| Any impulse-related disorder | Part 2 and age ≤ 44 (12 014) | 8.5 (4.8-15.2) | 8.0 (4.6-13.9) | 0.0 | 6.0 (2.9-12.2) | 1.0 |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | Part 2 and age ≤ 44 (12 014) | 11.0 (5.9-20.5) | 9.1 (5.0-16.7) | 0.3 | 4.8 (2.1-11.2) | 4.4 |
| Oppositional dysfunction disorderc | Part 2 and age ≤ 44 (12 014) | 8.7 (4.5-16.7) | 6.6 (3.0-14.4) | 0.8 | 2.9 (1.3-6.6) | 10.0 |
| Conduct disorder | Part 2 and age ≤ 44 (12 014) | 5.5 (2.8-10.7) | 4.3 (1.9-9.5) | 0.4 | 2.5 (1.0-5.9) | 3.3 |
| Intermittent explosive disorderc,f |
Part 1 (54 257)
|
4.2 (2.2-8.0)
|
3.2 (1.9-5.6)
|
0.6
|
2.8 (1.3-6.0)
|
0.8
|
| Any disorder | Part 2 (28 988) | 37.1 (12.5-110.0) | 10.5 (6.5-17.0) | 5.0 | 6.0 (3.4-10.4) | 11.1 |
| Exactly 1 disorder | Part 2 (28 988) | 8.7 (2.5-30.6) | 4.6 (2.1-10.0) | 1.0 | 2.9 (1.4-6.0) | 3.0 |
| Exactly 2 disorders | Part 2 (28 988) | 3.6 (1.4-9.1) | 1.3 | 2.1 (0.9-5.0) | 0.1 | |
| 3 or more disorders | Part 2 (28 988) | 107.7 (33.2-349.3) | 24.6 (14.9-40.8) | 6.1 | 13.6 (7.4-25.0) | 12.0 |
Results in bold denote significant difference between the bipolar subsample at the 0.05 level, two-sided test.
a. Odds ratios (ORs) are based on models predicting lifetime disorders by bipolar disorders and controlling for age, gender and country.
b. χ2: the models used to generate the results in this table included three dummy predictor variables for the different types of bipolar disorder to predict each of the other disorders controlling for age and gender. Significance tests of pair-wise differences in the ORs of rapid cycling with either other 12-month bipolar disorder or other lifetime bipolar disorder were based on Wald χ2 estimated in these models. The exception was the model for number of comorbid disorders (exactly one, exactly two, three or more), in which three separate subsample analyses were used to predict exactly one v. none, exactly two v. none, and three or more v. none. Sample sizes differed because although most comorbid disorders were assessed in part one, others (post-traumatic stress disorder, drug misuse and dependence) were assessed in part two, and yet others (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional dysfunction disorder, conduct disorder) in the subsample of the part two sample in the age range 18-44. Obsessive—compulsive disorder, finally, was assessed in the random subsample of part two respondents.
c. For social phobia, separation anxiety, oppositional dysfunction disorder and intermittent explosive disorder, USA/non-USA was used as control instead of country.
d. For separation anxiety, gender was removed as a control.
e. For drug dependence, age group 50-64 was removed as a control.
f. For intermittent explosive disorder, USA, Japan and New Zealand were used as controls instead of country.