Table 1.

Examples of LLL Properties Relevant to COPD

COPD Property	LLL Experiment	LLL Details	Ref
Inflammation	In vivo. Decreased joint inflammation in zymosan-induced arthritis	Semiconductor laser (685 nm and 830 nm) at (2.5 J/cm2)	[105]
	In vitro. Suppression of LPS-induced bronchial inflammation and TNF-alpha.	655 nm at of 2.6 J/cm2	[34]
	In vivo. Carrageenan-induced pleurisy had decreased leukocyte infiltration and cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and MCP)	660 nm at 2.1 J/cm2	[106]
	In vitro. LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 monocytes had reduced gene expression of MCP-1, IL-1 and IL-6	780 nm diode laser at 2.2 J/cm2)	[102]
	In vivo. Suppression of LPS-stimulated neutrophil influx, myeloperoxidase activity and IL-1beta in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.	660 nm diode laser at 7.5 J/cm2	[35]
	In vitro. Inhibition of TNF-alpha induced IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha mRNA in human synoviocytes	810 nm (5 J/cm2) suppressed IL-1 and TNF, (25 J/cm2) also suppressed IL-8	[32]
	In vivo. Reduction of TNF-alpha in diaphragm muscle after intravenous LPS injection.	4 sessions in 24 h with diode Ga-AsI-Al laser of 650 nm and a total dose of 5.2 J/cm2	[104]
	In vivo. Inhibition of LPS induced peritonitis and neutrophil influx	3 J/cm2 and 7.5 J/cm2	[103]
Growth Factor Production
	In vivo. Upregulation of TGF-β and PDGF in rat gingiva after incision.	He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) at a dose of 7.5 J/cm2	[36]
	In vitro. Osteoblast-like cells were isolated from fetal rat calvariae had increased IGF-1	Ga-Al-As laser (830 nm) at (3.75 J/cm2).	[107]
	In vitro. Upregulated production of IGF-1 and FGF-2 in human gingival fibroblasts.	685 nm, for 140 s, 2 J/cm2	[37]
Angiogenesis
	In vivo. Increased fiber to capillary ratio in rabbits with ligated femoral arteries.	Gallium-aluminum-arsenide (Ga-Al-As) diode laser, 904 nm and power of 10 mW	[114]
	In vitro. Stimulation of HUVEC proliferation by conditioned media from LLL-treated T cells	820 nm at 1.2 and 3.6 J/cm2.	[119]
	In vitro. 7-fold increased production of VEGF by cardiomyocytes, 1.6-fold increase by smooth muscle cells (SMC) and fibroblasts. Supernatant of SMC had increased HUVEC-stimulating potential.	He:Ne continuous wave laser (632 nm). 0.5 J/cm2 for SMC, 2.1 J/cm2 for fibroblasts and 1.05 J/cm2 for cardiomyocytes.	[113]
	In vitro. Direct stimulation of HUVEC proliferation	670 nm diode device at 2 and 8 J/cm2	[112]
Direct Stem Cell Effects
	In vivo. LLL precondition significantly enhanced early cell survival rate by 2-fold, decreased the apoptotic percentage of implanted BMSCs in infarcted myocardium and increased the number of newly formed capillaries.	635 nm at 0.96 J/cm2	[120]
	In vitro. LLL stimulated MSC proliferation, VEGF and NGF production, and myogenic differentiation after 5-aza induction.	635 nm diode laser at 0.5 J/cm2 for MSC proliferation, 5 J/cm2 for VEGF and NGF production and for augmentation of induced myogenic differentiation	[121]
	In vitro. Increased proliferation of rat MSC.	Red light LED 630 nm at 2 and 4 J/cm(2)	[116]
	In vitro. Augmented proliferation of bone marrow and cardiac specific stem cells.	GA-Al-As 810 nm at 1 and 3 J/cm2	[117]
	In vitro/In vivo. Administration of LLL-treated MSC resulted 53% reduction in infarct size, 5- and 6.3-fold significant increase in cell density that positively immunoreacted to BrdU and c-kit, respectively, and 1.4- and 2-fold higher level of angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor, respectively, when compared to non-laser-treated implanted cells	Ga-Al-As laser (810 nm wavelength), 1 J/cm2	[118]
	In vitro. Enhanced proliferation of adipose derived MSC in presence of EGF.	636 nm diode, 5 J/cm2	[55]
	In vitro. Enhanced proliferation and beta-1 integrin expression of adipose derived MSC.	635 nm diode laser, at 5 J/cm2	[54]
	Clinical. 660 stroke patients: 331 received LLL and 327 received sham. No prespecified test achieved significance, but a post hoc analysis of patients with a baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of <16 showed a favorable outcome at 90 days on the primary end point (P < 0.044).	808 nm. No density disclosed.	[100]