Table 1.
Participant Characteristics and ADHD Symptoms at Diagnosis
| |
ADHD + CMTD |
ADHD/−CMTD |
|
|
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | t | p | ES(ηp2) |
| Age | 65 | 8.8 | 1.93 | 94 | 7.9 | 1.51 | 3.01 | 0.003 | 0.06 |
| Ethnicity (nonwhite) (F/%)a | 65 | 12% | 94 | 12% | 0.01 | 0.91 | NA | ||
| IQ | 45 | 102.0 | 13.50 | 69 | 103.0 | 12.90 | 0.76 | 0.76 | |
| Single parent (F/%)a | 62 | 21% | 94 | 15% | 0.96 | 0.33 | NA | ||
| SES | 65 | 34.7 | 9.56 | 94 | 38.6 | 10.71 | 2.41 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Family income | 63 | 3.4 | .92 | 94 | 3.6 | 1.21 | 1.54 | 0.13 | |
| Not married (F/%)a | 65 | 63% | 94 | 45% | 5.21 | 0.02 | NA | ||
| Medication | |||||||||
| Medication ever (F/%)a | 65 | 45% | 93 | 12% | 21.8 | 0.001 | |||
| Years stimulant medication | 65 | 0.8 | 1.37 | 93 | 0.1 | 0.45 | 4.04 | 0.001 | 0.12 |
| Parent-rated ADHD | |||||||||
| CSI-4 ADHD-I Index | 63 | 20.5 | 5.32 | 94 | 19.6 | 5.44 | 1.00 | 0.32 | |
| CSI-4 ADHD-HI Index | 63 | 16.2 | 6.38 | 94 | 14.7 | 7.19 | 1.32 | 0.19 | |
| MOMS Hyperactivity | 62 | 3.8 | 1.24 | 90 | 3.4 | 1.06 | 2.14 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Teacher-rated ADHD | |||||||||
| CSI-4 ADHD-I Index | 62 | 20.7 | 5.42 | 91 | 19.7 | 5.57 | 1.09 | 0.28 | |
| CSI-4 ADHD-HI Index | 62 | 14.1 | 7.75 | 91 | 14.5 | 7.48 | 0.32 | 0.75 | |
| IOWA I-O subscale | 62 | 10.8 | 2.87 | 89 | 10.4 | 3.26 | 0.64 | 0.52 | |
| Simulated classroom | |||||||||
| On Task | 61 | 79.2 | 20.58 | 83 | 75.3 | 24.36 | 1.04 | 0.30 | |
| Fidgets | 61 | 22.5 | 17.28 | 83 | 22.2 | 19.74 | .09 | 0.93 | |
| CPT | |||||||||
| Inattention | 59 | 7.7 | 7.45 | 85 | 9.6 | 7.84 | 1.45 | 0.15 | |
| Impulsivity | 59 | 3.8 | 5.68 | 85 | 6.7 | 7.31 | 2.74 | 0.007 | 0.05 |
| Dyscontrol | 59 | 6.8 | 14.28 | 85 | 10.1 | 13.38 | 1.40 | 0.16 | |
| Parent-rated anxiety | |||||||||
| Global | 65 | 12.0 | 8.33 | 94 | 9.4 | 5.93 | 2.15 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Generalized anxiety | 63 | 8.3 | 4.67 | 93 | 6.8 | 4.05 | 2.10 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Separation anxiety | 62 | 3.4 | 5.05 | 93 | 2.3 | 2.94 | 1.52 | 0.13 | |
| OCD | 31 | 1.1 | 1.65 | 55 | 0.3 | 0.64 | 2.60 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
| Social phobia | 24 | 0.9 | 1.23 | 52 | 0.8 | 1.58 | 0.24 | 0.81 | |
| Specific phobia | 31 | 0.7 | 0.91 | 55 | 0.5 | 0.79 | 1.09 | 0.29 | |
| Teacher-rated anxiety | |||||||||
| Generalized anxiety | 57 | 7.3 | 4.24 | 91 | 5.7 | 3.45 | 2.41 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| OCD | 30 | 0.5 | 1.01 | 51 | 0.3 | 0.66 | 1.19 | 0.24 | |
| Social phobia | 28 | 0.9 | 1.01 | 52 | 0.7 | 1.56 | 0.62 | 0.54 | |
| Specific phobia | 30 | 0.2 | 0.55 | 51 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 1.54 | 0.13 | |
| Co-occurring symptoms | |||||||||
| Parent-rated ODD/CD | 62 | 13.2 | 9.48 | 94 | 13.2 | 9.31 | 0.02 | 0.98 | |
| Parent-rated aggression | 62 | 2.5 | 1.92 | 90 | 2.1 | 1.83 | 1.34 | 0.18 | |
| Parent-rated depression | 63 | 5.4 | 4.70 | 94 | 3.9 | 3.65 | 2.36 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Teacher-rated ODD/CD | 59 | 9.4 | 9.16 | 91 | 9.9 | 8.69 | 0.31 | 0.76 | |
| Teacher-rated aggression | |||||||||
| Teacher-rated depression | 60 | 4.4 | 4.58 | 91 | 3.2 | 3.66 | 1.78 | 0.08 | |
| Impairment | |||||||||
| CBCL Social | 65 | 4.0 | 2.18 | 94 | 4.7 | 1.76 | 2.30 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| TRF Academic | 65 | 2.2 | 0.65 | 94 | 2.4 | 0.63 | 1.50 | 0.14 | |
a
Chi-squared analyses.
Abbreviations: ADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CMTD = chronic multiple tic disorder; SD = standard deviation; ES = effect size (partial eta2); NA = not available; IQ = intelligence quotient; SES = socioeconomic status; NA = not applicable; CSI-4 = Child Symptom Inventory-4; MOMS = Mothers' Objective Method for Subgrouping; CPT = Continuous Performance Test; OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder; CD = conduct disorder; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; TRF = Teacher's Report Form; F/% = frequency/%; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder.