Fig. 20.
Continuum scale 3D simulation of cell migration. Stages of cell migration—protrusion, contraction, translocation—are shown. Colors indicate the stress inside the cell; the velocity vectors in the surrounding gel are also shown. The traction force vectors on the bottom of the cell are shown on the right. This force field can be measured by some novel nano-electro-mechanical-system (NEMS) devices [41].