Figure 10.

HKBA and L-Omp19 induces astrocyte apoptosis in vitro. BALB/c astrocytes were stimulated with DMEM, HKBA (1 × 10⁷ to 1 × 10⁹ bacteria/ml), TNF-α (5 ng/ml), U-Omp19 (500 ng/ml), L-Omp19 (100 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml), Pam₃Cys (50 ng/ml), or 2% PFA. After 24 hours, apoptosis was determined using Annexin V/PI staining by flow cytometry. Graph bars show the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for each stimulus. Bars express the mean ± SEM of duplicates (A and B). Annexin V/PI, Hoechst dye 33342, and TUNEL assay visualization of apoptosis in astrocytes that were treated for 24 hours with the same stimuli as above. Arrows indicate apoptotic cells (C). Quantification of apoptosis by Annexin V/PI and TUNEL assay. Bars express the mean ± SEM of duplicates (D and E). Data shown are from a representative experiment of five performed. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 versus DMEM.