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Microglia and astrocytes produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to HKBA. Astrocytes and microglia were incubated with DMEM, HKBA (1 × 107 to 1 × 109 bacteria/ml), or E. coli LPS (1 μg/ml). After 24 hours, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, KC, and MCP-1 were determined in culture supernatants by ELISA. Bars express the mean ± SEM of duplicates. Data shown are from a representative experiment of five performed. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 versus DMEM.
