Table 4.
Association between pulse wave analysis parameters and carotid plaque
| PWA variable | Plaque absent | Plaque present | P value χ2 | Unadjusted odds ratio for the presence of plaque |
Adjusted odds ratio for the presence of plaque |
Additionally adjusted for β-blockers |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C_SP | <125 | 107 (44%) | 136 (56%) | 0.10 | |||
| ≥125 | 40 (34.8%) | 75 (65.2%) | 1.48 (0.93–2.34) | 1.32 (0.8–2.18) | 1.24 (0.75–2.07) | ||
| AI | <30% | 105 (46.7%) | 120 (53.3%) | 0.01 | |||
| ≥30% | 42 (32.1%) | 89 (67.9%) | 1.85 (1.18–2.91) | 1.44 (0.87–2.36) | 1.35 (0.81–2.23) | ||
| C_PP | <45 | 105 (51.2%) | 100 (48.8%) | <0.0001 | |||
| ≥45 | 42 (27.8%) | 109 (72.2%) | 2.72 (1.74–4.27) | 1.87 (1.14–3.06) | 1.77 (1.07–2.92) | ||
| AMPR | <1.3 | 66 (38.2%) | 107 (61.8%) | 0.21 | |||
| ≥1.3 | 81 (44.8%) | 100 (55.2%) | 0.76 (0.5–1.16) | 1.19 (0.74–1.92) | 1.25 (0.77–2.03) | ||
| BR_PP | ≥55 | 97 (50.8%) | 94 (49.2%) | <0.0001 | |||
| >55 | 50 (30.3%) | 115 (69.7%) | 2.37 (1.53–3.67) | 1.78 (1.1–2.88) | 1.69 (1.03–2.75) |
Odds ratio adjusted for age, gender, and race. Diabetes, hypertension, hemoglobin, parathyroid hormone, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides were included in the initial model but were not significant.
AI, augmentation index; AMPR, amplification ratio; BR_PP, brachial pulse pressure; C_PP, central pulse pressure; C_SP, central aortic systolic pressure; PWA, pulse wave analysis.