Appendix Table A1.

Description of Control Variables Used in the Analysis

Variable	Description	Mean
Age 5	Child is age 5 (dv)	0.17
Male	Child is male (dv)	0.51
Birth Weight	Child’s birth weight in kilograms	3.40
Intensive Care When Born	Child spent time in intensive care unit or special care nursery (dv)	0.15
Premature Birth	Child born 36 or fewer weeks or into pregnancy (dv)	0.10
Multiple Birth	Child is a twin or triplet (dv)	0.03
Older Sibling in Household	Child lives with an older sibling (dv)	0.58
Younger Sibling in Household	Child lives with a younger sibling (dv)	0.47
Number of Siblings	Child’s number of siblings	1.46
Mother’s Age	Mother’s age at last birthday	34.6
Father’s Age	Father’s age at last birthdaya	37.6
Mother Has a Degree	Mother’s highest educational attainment is a university degree (dv)	0.29
Father Has a Degree	Father’s highest educational attainment is a university degree (dv)a	0.30
Mother Works Full-Time	Mother works full-time (dv)	0.14
Father Works Full-Time	Father works full-time (dv)a	0.68
Single Mother	Child’s father not in household (dv)	0.16
English Is Second Language	Primary language spoken at home is not English (dv)	0.15
Income < $400 per week	Combined yearly income before tax is less than $20,000 (dv) (base category)	0.12
Income $400–$599 per week	Combined income before tax is less than $400 per week (dv)	0.10
Income $600–$799 per week	Combined income before tax is $400–$599 per week (dv)	0.11
Income $800–$999 per week	Combined income before tax is $600–$799 per week (dv)	0.11
Income $1,000–$1,499 per week	Combined income before tax is $800–$999 per week (dv)	0.24
Income $1,500–$1,999 per week	Combined income before tax is $1,000–$1,999 per week (dv)	0.16
Income > $2,000	Combined income before tax is more than $2,000 per week (dv)	0.16

Notes: All variables are obtained from the LSAC. The abbreviation dv denotes a dummy variable.

^aCalculated conditional on the father being a survey respondent.