Table 2.

Infant Mortality Rates and Means of Covariates Split by Urban/Rural Areas

Variable	Pooled		Benin		CAR		Chad		Guinea		Mali		Niger
	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
Infant Mortality	0.0959	0.1414	0.0780	0.1122	0.0781	0.1075	0.1037	0.1239	0.0901	0.1393	0.1232	0.1588	0.0936	0.1604
% of Population	21.67	78.33	28.87	71.13	38.03	61.97	18.06	81.94	23.67	76.33	20.32	79.68	15.15	84.85
Proximate Determinants
Firstborn	0.21	0.18	0.26	0.19	0.22	0.21	0.21	0.19	0.22	0.18	0.20	0.16	0.19	0.17
Birth order > 4	0.32	0.38	0.28	0.35	0.30	0.29	0.35	0.36	0.28	0.35	0.35	0.41	0.38	0.41
Mother’s age at birth ≤ 20	0.22	0.22	0.15	0.18	0.25	0.21	0.25	0.25	0.22	0.22	0.22	0.22	0.21	0.25
Mother’s age at birth 21–35	0.70	0.67	0.74	0.71	0.69	0.71	0.68	0.66	0.69	0.68	0.69	0.66	0.73	0.67
Mother’s age at birth > 35	0.08	0.10	0.11	0.11	0.06	0.08	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.10	0.09	0.12	0.06	0.08
Short birth interval	0.21	0.25	0.14	0.19	0.22	0.28	0.27	0.27	0.16	0.19	0.23	0.28	0.23	0.25
Socioeconomic Determinants
Mother did not complete primary education	0.81	0.97	0.82	0.97	0.74	0.95	0.81	0.99	0.80	0.97	0.84	0.98	0.77	0.96
Contraception	0.31	0.11	0.30	0.18	0.26	0.06	0.14	0.03	0.22	0.07	0.41	0.18	0.43	0.08
Mother’s age at first marriage	16.78	15.98	18.71	17.50	16.33	16.90	15.76	15.70	16.90	15.98	16.71	16.14	15.73	14.68
Male child	0.51	0.51	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.51	0.52	0.51	0.52	0.51	0.52	0.50	0.51	0.51
Age of household head	42.74	42.61	41.59	42.75	40.40	38.32	42.78	39.59	46.39	46.96	42.32	42.85	43.39	42.77
Male household head	0.87	0.92	0.85	0.91	0.83	0.92	0.85	0.90	0.85	0.93	0.91	0.93	0.94	0.93
Toilet	0.85	0.40	0.52	0.12	0.95	0.61	0.81	0.14	0.94	0.50	0.98	0.72	0.78	0.06
Water	0.71	0.26	0.65	0.33	0.85	0.45	0.70	0.31	0.57	0.05	0.66	0.34	0.92	0.12
Electricity	0.31	0.02	0.41	0.04	0.09	0.01	0.18	0.00	0.48	0.02	0.32	0.02	0.33	0.00
No finished floor	0.41	0.88	0.25	0.56	0.67	0.94	0.79	0.99	0.10	0.75	0.42	0.94	0.32	0.97
Poorest third	0.16	0.34	0.19	0.33	0.18	0.30	0.12	0.43	0.19	0.36	0.13	0.29	0.17	0.35
Middle third	0.26	0.36	0.32	0.36	0.31	0.33	0.28	0.38	0.24	0.36	0.23	0.36	0.26	0.37
Richest third	0.58	0.30	0.49	0.31	0.51	0.37	0.61	0.19	0.57	0.28	0.64	0.35	0.58	0.28
Community Determinants
Health facilities	0.71	0.23	0.57	0.35	0.57	0.18	0.77	0.11	0.53	0.28	0.91	0.28	0.74	0.12
Public transportation	0.55	0.27	0.36	0.16	0.60	0.50	0.53	0.09	0.12	0.23	0.70	0.20	0.97	0.58
Number of Observations	16,396	46,077	2,204	5,920	2,039	3,397	3,728	5,010	2,410	6,993	3,535	16,641	2,480	8,116

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Demographic and Health Surveys, Benin (2001), CAR(1995), Chad (2004), Guinea (1999), Mali (2001), and Niger (1998).

Note: Rates in boldface type indicate a significant difference between the urban and rural models at the 10% level. Infant mortality rates are the proportion of infant deaths per 100 live births. Sample weights are applied, and in the pooled estimates, observations are further weighted to take account of the different population sizes of countries.