Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of the effect of helmet use on head injuries
| Parameter | No. of studies | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | ||
| < 13 | 4 | 0.41 (0.28–0.62) |
| 13–24 | 1 | 0.80 (0.69–0.89) |
| > 25 | 1 | 1.13 (0.93–1.36) |
| < 15 | 1 | 0.73 (NR) |
| 15–25 | 1 | 0.71 (NR) |
| > 25 | 1 | 0.75 (NR) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1 | 0.80 (0.70–0.92) |
| Female | 1 | 0.98 (0.80–1.19) |
| Ability | ||
| Beginner | 1 | 0.69 (0.53–0.89) |
| Intermediate | 1 | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) |
| Expert | 1 | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) |
| Activity | ||
| Skiing | 2 | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) |
| Snowboarding | 2 | 0.83 (0.75–0.98) |
| Location | ||
| Park/off-piste (backcountry or out of bounds) | 1 | 0.26 (0.14–0.50) |
| Prepared runs | 1 | 0.45 (0.31–0.64) |
| Lift-related* | 1 | 0.52 (0.19–1.38) |
| Age and activity | ||
| < 13 yr and skiing | 1 | 0.40 (0.20–0.96) |
| < 13 yr and snowboarding | 1 | 0.18 (0.04–0.74) |
| 13–20 yr and skiing | 1 | 0.52 (0.23–1.19) |
| 13–20 yr and snowboarding | 1 | 0.56 (0.32–0.95) |
| > 20 yr and skiing | 1 | 0.43 (0.18–1.02) |
| > 20 yr and snowboarding | 1 | 0.18 (0.03–0.39) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, NR = not reported, OR = odds ratio.
*
Injured while getting on or off a lift.