Table 2.

Covariate-adjusted geometric mean estimates (95% CI) of HbAA, HbGA (pmol/g hemoglobin), and the HbGA:HbAA ratio in the nonsmoking U.S. population by sex, age, and race/ethnicity.

Parameter	Group	HbAA	HbGA	HbGA:HbAA ratioa
Sex	Male	51.7 (49.6–53.8)	50.1 (50.7–56.3)	0.97 (0.94–1.02)
	Female	50.3 (49.1–51.5)	53.4 (48.2–52.1)b	1.07 (1.03–1.13)
Age group	3–11	54.5 (52.4–56.8)c	73.9 (71.3–76.6)d	1.62 (1.39–1.87)
	12–19	51.8 (49.9–53.7)	51.9 (48.3–55.7)	1.42 (1.29–1.58)
	20–39	52.8 (50.5–55.3)	52.7 (48.8–56.8)	1.16 (1.12–1.20)
	40–59	50.7 (47.9–53.6)	50.0 (47.8–52.4)	0.86 (0.78–0.94)
	≥ 60	46.2 (44.3–48.2)e	41.8 (38.7–45.2)d	0.63 (0.51–0.78)
Race/ethnicity	NHW	50.7 (49.1–52.3)	52.6 (50.3–54.9)f	1.03 (0.98–1.07)
	NHB	48.9 (46.14–51.84)	43.5 (41.1–45.9)g	0.90 (0.82–1.00)
	MA	54.8 (51.9–57.8)h	57.9 (53.7–62.5)	1.06 (0.99–1.13)

Abbreviations: MA, Mexican American; NHB, non-Hispanic black; NHW, non-Hispanic white. Variables used in the model: age group, sex, race/ethnicity log-converted cotinine levels, and BSA (except for the HbGA model).

^aBecause of significant race/ethnicity–cotinine and sex–BSA interactions, only the levels obtained at the 50th percentile of cotinine (for race/ethnicity levels) and of BSA (for sex levels) are shown. Similarly, for age groups, the levels at the median age for each age group (7 years for 3- to 11-year group, 15.5 years for 12- to 19-year group, 29.5 years for 20- to 39-year group, 49.5 years for 40- to 49-year group, 70 years for ≥ 60-year group) are shown.

^bDifferent from males (p < 0.004).

^cDifferent from 12- to 19-year group (p = 0.04), 40- to 59-year group (p = 0.03).

^dDifferent from all age groups (p < 0.0001).

^eDifferent from 3- to 11-year group, 12- to 19-year group, 20- to 39-year group, 40- to 59-year group (p < 0.0001 for all groups).

^fDifferent from MA (p = 0.004), NHB (p < 0.0001).

^gDifferent from MA (p < 0.0001).

^hDifferent from NHW (p < 0.008), NHB (p < 0.0001).