Table 2.
Mean exposure levels during pregnancy and the first year of life for preschool-age children with and without a diagnosis of asthma.
|
In utero |
First year |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentile |
Percentile |
|||||||||
| Pollutant/method | Group | No. | Mean ± SD | 25th | 50th | 75th | Mean ± SD | 25th | 50th | 75th |
| NO/IDW (μg/m3) | Controls | 16,970 | 19.82 ± 10.27 | 12.76 | 17.94 | 25.69 | 22.36 ± 10.39 | 15.76 | 20.25 | 27.98 |
| Asthma cases | 3,394 | 20.32 ± 10.74 | 12.74 | 17.95 | 27.15 | 23.04 ± 10.88 | 15.84 | 20.56 | 30.25 | |
| NO/LUR (μg/m3) | Controls | 14,005 | 30.38 ± 13.05 | 21.71 | 27.46 | 35.99 | 30.42 ± 12.13 | 23.09 | 27.05 | 34.28 |
| Asthma cases | 2,801 | 31.03 ± 13.54 | 22.00 | 27.84 | 36.62 | 30.83 ± 12.67 | 23.39 | 27.11 | 34.39 | |
| NO2/IDW (μg/m3) | Controls | 16,970 | 30.74 ± 8.90 | 24.96 | 31.50 | 36.54 | 29.86 ± 8.85 | 23.71 | 29.97 | 36.02 |
| Asthma cases | 3,394 | 31.37 ± 9.20 | 25.17 | 32.15 | 37.57 | 30.68 ± 9.06 | 24.28 | 31.97 | 36.82 | |
| NO2/LUR (μg/m3) | Controls | 14,005 | 31.68 ± 8.64 | 25.77 | 30.06 | 35.07 | 29.50 ± 5.29 | 25.90 | 28.73 | 32.70 |
| Asthma cases | 2,801 | 31.73 ± 8.42 | 25.96 | 30.33 | 35.16 | 29.82 ± 5.46 | 26.16 | 28.87 | 33.08 | |
| CO/IDW (μg/m3) | Controls | 16,240 | 612.2 ± 133.4 | 507.7 | 610.2 | 698.8 | 605.0 ± 135.2 | 512.9 | 607.2 | 690.1 |
| Asthma cases | 3,248 | 618.8 ± 135.3 | 520.2 | 612.6 | 705.8 | 617.5 ± 132.5 | 521.6 | 614.5 | 707.8 | |
| O3/IDW (μg/m3) | Controls | 16,795 | 30.48 ± 6.32 | 26.03 | 30.47 | 34.89 | 28.06 ± 4.86 | 25.09 | 28.33 | 31.57 |
| Asthma cases | 3,359 | 30.05 ± 6.39 | 25.41 | 30.11 | 34.42 | 27.64 ± 4.94 | 24.32 | 28.11 | 31.28 | |
| PM10/IDW (μg/m3) | Controls | 17,335 | 11.94 ± 1.35 | 11.08 | 12.15 | 12.85 | 12.37 ± 1.00 | 11.95 | 12.43 | 13.01 |
| Asthma cases | 3,467 | 12.03 ± 1.30 | 11.21 | 12.23 | 12.89 | 12.42 ± 1.00 | 12.01 | 12.47 | 13.03 | |
| PM2.5/IDW (μg/m3) | Controls | 16,775 | 4.74 ± 1.19 | 4.07 | 5.15 | 5.58 | 5.62 ± 0.61 | 5.35 | 5.60 | 6.13 |
| Asthma cases | 3,355 | 4.71 ± 1.20 | 4.00 | 5.12 | 5.57 | 5.62 ± 0.61 | 5.35 | 5.62 | 6.13 | |
| PM2.5/LUR (μg/m3) | Controls | 16,270 | 4.67 ± 2.47 | 3.08 | 4.25 | 5.98 | 4.50 ± 2.45 | 2.95 | 4.14 | 5.68 |
| Asthma cases | 3,254 | 4.78 ± 2.46 | 3.194 | 4.33 | 6.02 | 4.59 ± 2.40 | 3.10 | 4.18 | 5.70 | |
| Black carbona/LUR | Controls | 16,270 | 1.34 ± 0.65 | 0.94 | 1.20 | 1.65 | 0.66 ± 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.89 |
| Asthma cases | 3,254 | 1.37 ± 0.66 | 0.95 | 1.21 | 1.68 | 0.68 ± 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.72 | 0.91 | |
| SO2/IDW (μg/m3) | Controls | 16,970 | 5.11 ± 2.40 | 3.70 | 4.48 | 6.20 | 5.22 ± 2.55 | 3.89 | 4.48 | 6.36 |
| Asthma cases | 3,394 | 5.25 ± 2.51 | 3.69 | 4.49 | 6.74 | 5.37 ± 2.69 | 3.87 | 4.46 | 7.04 | |
| Point source index (r = 10 km) | Controls | 17,410 | 23.69 ± 18.49 | 8.03 | 19.46 | 37.43 | 23.12 ± 18.71 | 7.63 | 18.29 | 37.03 |
| Asthma cases | 3,482 | 25.18 ± 18.10 | 9.31 | 22.26 | 39.04 | 24.62 ± 18.36 | 8.91 | 20.60 | 38.42 | |
| No. | Frequency | No. of exposure days (mean ± SD) | Frequency | No. of exposure days (mean ± SD) | ||||||
| Woodsmoke | Controls | 14,365 | 6,082 (42.3%) | 60 ± 25 | 6,025 (41.9%) | 89 ± 13 | ||||
| Asthma cases | 2,873 | 1,269 (44.2%) | 59 ± 25 | 1,256 (43.7%) | 89 ± 13 | |||||
| Proximity to major roadsb | Controls | 17,410 | 859 (4.9%) | — | 658 (3.8%) | — | ||||
| Asthma cases | 3,482 | 181 (5.2%) | — | 135 (3.9%) | — | |||||
a
Unit = 10−5/m increase in filter absorbance.
b
Number of children with residence < 150 m from a major road or < 50 m from a highway.