Table 2.
Summary of the results for the effects of atrazine on fish and amphibian behaviors.
| Taxon, species | End point | Effect direction | Conc where effect was observed (μg/L) | Conc tested (μg/L) | Nonmonotonic dose response | Atrazine grade | Experiment type | Exposure duration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Locomotor activity | |||||||||
| Salamander | |||||||||
| A. barbouri | Locomotor activity after disturbance | ↑ | 400 | 4, 40, 400 | No | Tech | SR | 37 days | Rohr et al. 2003 |
| A. barbouri | Locomotor activity after disturbance | ↑ | 400 | 4, 40, 400 | No | Tech | SR | Mean of 52 days; LTM | Rohr et al. 2004 |
| A. barbouri | Locomotor activity after disturbance | ↑ | 40, 400 | 4, 40, 400 | No | Tech | SR | Mean of 47 days; LTM | Rohr and Palmer 2005 |
| A. barbouri | Locomotor activity | ↑ | 400 | 40, 400, 800 | No | Tech | PE | 4 days | Rohr et al. (unpublished data) |
| Frog | |||||||||
| R. sylvatica | Locomotor activity | ↑ | Two doses of 25 separated by 2 weeks | Two doses of 25 separated by 2 weeks | NA | Tech | PE | 1 month | Rohr and Crumrine 2005a |
| B. americanus | Locomotor activity | ND | – | 201 | NA | Tech | PE | 4 days | Rohr et al. 2009 |
| X. laevis | Abnormal swimming | ↑ | 25 | 1, 10, 25 | No | Tech | SR | Mean of 56 days, LTM | Carr et al. 2003 |
| H. chrysoscelis | Burst swimming | ↑ | Positive dose response | 96, 192 | No | Tech | PE, two pulses | ≤ 129 days, LTM | Briston and Threlkeld 1998 |
| Fish | |||||||||
| Carassius auratus | Burst swimming | ↑ | 0.5, 50 | 0.5, 5, 50 | Possibly | Tech | PE | 1 day | Saglio and Tijasse 1998 |
| C. auratus | Burst swimming | ↑ | 0.1, 1, 10 | 0.1, 1, 10 | Possibly | Tech | PE | 1 day | Saglio and Tijasse 1998 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Locomotor activity | ↑ | 1, 10 | 1, 10, 100 | Yes | Tech | PE | 30 min | Tierney et al. 2007 |
| Lepomis cyanellus | Locomotor activity | ↑/↓ | 400 but not 800 | 40, 400, 800 | Yes, only in presence of natural prey | Tech | PE | 4 days | Rohr et al. (unpublished data) |
| Larval Sciaenops ocellatusb | Locomotor activity and abnormal swimming | ↑ | 40, 80 | 40, 80 | No | Tech | PE | 72 hr | Alvarez and Fuiman 2005 |
| Predation-related risk reduction | |||||||||
| Salamander | |||||||||
| A. barbouri | Refuge use | ↓, detected with regression | None | 4, 40, 400 | No | Tech | SR | 37 days | Rohr et al. 2003 |
| A. barbouri | Refuge use | ↓ | 400 | 4, 40, 400 | No | Tech | SR | Mean of 52 days, LTM | Rohr et al. 2004 |
| Frog | |||||||||
| R. sylvatica | Refuge use | ↓ | Two doses of 25 separated by 2 weeks | Two doses of 25 separated by 2 weeks | NA | Tech | PE, two pulses | 1 month | Rohr and Crumrine 2005a |
| C. auratus | Grouping | ↓ | 5, 50 | 0.5, 5, 50 | No | Tech | PE | 1 day | Saglio and Tijasse 1998 |
| C. auratus | Sheltering in presence of predator cue | ↓ | 5 | 0.5, 5, 50 | Possibly | Tech | PE | 1 day | Saglio and Tijasse 1998 |
| C. auratus | Grouping in presence of predator cue | ↓ | 5 | 0.5, 5, 50 | Possibly | Tech | PE | 1 day | Saglio and Tijasse 1998 |
| Larval S. ocellatusb | Predation rates | ND | 40, 80 | 40, 80 | No | Tech | PE | 72 hr | Alvarez and Fuiman 2005 |
| Olfaction | |||||||||
| Frog | |||||||||
| B. americanus | Chemical detection of food, parasites, and predator cues | ND | – | 201 | NA | Tech | PE | 4 days | Rohr et al. 2009 |
|
Salamander | |||||||||
| Plethodon shermani | Chemical detection of food or sex pheromones | ND | – | 300 | NA | Tech | SR | 28 days | Lanzel 2008 |
| P. shermani | Activated olfactory neurons | ND | – | 700 | NA | Tech | SR | 28 days | Lanzel 2008 |
| Fish | |||||||||
| Salmo salar | Olfactory response (electroolfactogram) | ↓ | 2, 5, 10, 20 | 0.1, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 | No | Tech | PE | 30 min | Moore and Waring 1998 |
| S. salar | Olfactory response (electroolfactogram) | ↓ | 1 | 0.5, 1 | No | Tech | PE | 30 min | Moore and Lower 2001 |
| S. salar | Olfactory response (electroolfactogram) | ↓ | 0.5, 1 | 0.5, 1 | No | Tech | PE | 30 min | Moore and Lower 2001c |
| O. mykiss | Olfactory response (electroolfactogram) | ↓ | 10, 100 | 1, 10, 100 | No | Tech | PE | 30 min | Tierney et al. 2007 |
| O. mykiss | Response ratio to l-histidine | ↓ | 10 | 1, 10, 100 | Possibly | Tech | PE | 30 min | Tierney et al. 2007 |
| Other behaviors | |||||||||
| Salamander | |||||||||
| A. barbouri | Water-conserving behaviors | ↓ | 40, 400 | 4, 40, 400 | No | Tech | SR | Mean of 52 days; LTM | Rohr and Palmer 2005d |
Abbreviations: ↓, decreased; ↑, increased; Conc, concentration; LTM, early larvae to metamorphosis; NA, not applicable (used when there were too few concentrations to evaluate nonmonotonicity); ND, none detected; conc, concentration; tech, technical; PE, pulse experiment; SR, static renewal experiment; Tech, technical. Excluded studies are listed Supplemental Material, Table S1 (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901164.S1).
a
Community-level study.
b
Larval red drum are often found in freshwater, so they were included in this meta-analysis.
c
Mixture of 0.5:0.5 and 1.0:1.0 atrazine and simazine; thus, total concentration of triazine was 1 and 2 ppb, respectively.
d
Increased salamander water loss and thus desiccation risk.