Table 4.

Summary of the results for the effects of atrazine, through water column exposure, on fish and amphibian parasite infections.

Taxon, species	End point	Effect direction	Conc where effect was observed (μg/L)	Conc tested (μg/L)	Nonmonotonic dose response	Atrazine grade	Experiment type	Exposure duration	Reference
Salamander
A. macrodactylum	Infectivity of ATV	↓	Not provided	1.84, 18.4, 184	Dose response not provided	Tech	SR	30 days	Forson and Storfer 2006aa
A. tigrinum	Percentage infected with ATV	↑ at 16 but not 1.6 or 160	16	1.6, 16, 160	Yes	Tech	SR	Until metamorphosis	Forson and Storfer 2006bb
A. tigrinum	Viral load	ND; p = 0.14	–	20, 200	No	Tech	SR	2 weeks	Kerby and Storfer 2009
A. tigrinum	Mortality due to ATV	↑	Not provided	20, 200	No	Tech	SR	2 weeks	Kerby and Storfer 2009
Frog
R. pipiens	Rhabdias ranae nematode prevalence	ND; trend toward ↑	–	2.1, 21, 210	No	Tech	SR	21 days	Christin et al. 2003c
R. pipiens	No. of adult R. ranae nematode	↑, clear dose response	21 + 210 > controls, 210 > water control	2.1, 21, 210	No	Tech	SR	21 days	Gendron et al. 2003c
R. pipiens	Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) menigosepticum infections	↑	0.1	0.1	NA	Tech	SR	Until metamorphosis	Hayes et al. 2006c,d
R. pipiens	R. ranae nematode within host migration	Faster	21, 210	2.1, 21, 210	No	Tech	SR	21 days	Gendron et al. 2003c
R. pipiens	R. ranae nematode maturation and reproduction	Earlier	21, 210	2.1, 21, 210	No	Tech	SR	21 days	Gendron et al. 2003c
R. sylvatica	No. of Ribieoria sp. and Telorchis sp.	↑	3, 30	3, 30	No	Tech	SR	4 weeks	Kiesecker 2002
R. sylvatica	Limb deformities caused by Ribieoria sp.	↑ in ponds with atrazine	Ponds with atrazine	Unknown	NA	Comm	FS	Unknown	Kiesecker 2002
R. clamitans	No. of Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae	↑	201	201	NA	Tech	SR	2 weeks	Rohr et al. 2008be
R. pipiens	No. of larval trematodes	↑	< 1 Do not know maximum Conc	Unknown	No	Comm	FS	Unknown	Rohr et al. 2008cf
R. clamitans	No. of larval Plagiorchid trematodes	↑	117	117	NA	Tech	PE	4 weeks	Rohr et al. 2008c
R. clamitans	No. of Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae	↓, but amphibians not exposed to atrazine	20, 200	20, 200	No	Comm; Aatrexg	PE	Cercariae exposed for 2 hr	Koprivnikar et al. 2006h,i,j
Fish
C. auratus	Mortality due to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge	↑	42	42	NA	Tech	SR	12 weeks	Fatima et al. 2007c

Abbreviations: ↓, decreased; ↑, increased; ATV, Ambystoma tigrinum virus; Comm, commercial; Conc, concentration; FS, field survey; NA, not applicable (used when there were too few concentrations to evaluate nonmonotonicity); ND, not detected; PE, pulse experiment; SR, static renewal experiment, Tech, technical. Excluded studies are listed in Supplemental Material, Table S1 (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901164.S1).

^aEffect was observed when combining of 1.84, 18.4, and 184 treatments and comparing with controls; effect might be predominantly due to 184.

^b160 ppb was thought to reduce ATV infectivity explaining nonmonotonicity.

^cAtrazine was a component of a mixture of pesticides tested, and thus the experiment did not isolate the effects of atrazine.

^dSaw this effect only when atrazine was mixed with eight other pesticides.

^eEffect was found pooling pesticides and comparing them with control treatments.

^fNo quantified factors correlated with atrazine could parsimoniously explain patterns in infection.

^gAatrex is 59.2% inactive ingredients.

^hEffects could be due to inactive ingredients.

ⁱEffects could be due to chemicals other than atrazine that might be in the pond water used to make the stock solutions.

^jAll LC₅₀s were calculated incorrectly.