Table 2.

M₁dG adducts (mean ± SE) and the parameter estimates of the multivariate regression model.

Study variables	No. (%)a	Mean ± SEb	Means ratioc	95% CI	p-Value
Sex
Maled	139 (80.3)	4.5 ± 0.3	1.00	–	–
Female	34 (19.7)	3.8 ± 0.6	0.96	0.61–1.52	0.861
Age (per year)	173 (100)	4.4 ± 0.3	1.01	0.99–1.03	0.444
Smoking
Nonsmokersd	66 (38.2)	3.7 ± 0.4	1.00	–	–
Former smokers	7 (4.0)	4.2 ± 0.7	1.09	0.65–1.84	0.732
Current smokers	100 (57.8)	4.8 ± 0.4	1.23	0.86–1.76	0.247
Residence and employment
Control district residentsd	48 (27.7)	2.9 ± 0.4	1.00	–	–
Nearby residents	58 (33.5)	3.7 ± 0.4	1.65	1.06–2.56	0.027
All workers	67 (38.8)	6.0 ± 0.5	3.03	2.00–4.60	< 0.001
Refinery workers	21 (12.1)	5.3 ± 0.8	2.63	1.57–4.40	< 0.001
Tinplate workers	13 (7.5)	6.0 ± 1.2	2.93	1.67–5.14	< 0.001
Steel factory workers	33 (19.2)	6.4 ± 0.7	3.35	2.17–5.18	< 0.001
Employment in the industrial complexes (years)
≤ 3d	16 (29.6)	4.9 ± 0.9	1.00	–	–
4–6	18 (33.3)	6.3 ± 0.9	1.22	0.78–1.90	0.382
≥ 7	20 (37.1)	6.3 ± 1.1	1.08	0.63–1.86	0.768
Residence near the industrial complexes (years)
≤ 5d	22 (37.9)	3.3 ± 0.5	1.00	–	–
6–15	17 (29.3)	3.6 ± 1.0	0.77	0.38–1.55	0.452
≥ 16	19 (32.8)	4.4 ± 1.0	1.00	0.59–1.69	0.998

CI, confidence interval. For the parameter estimates, the effect of each variable (means ratio) is the ratio between the mean adducts of each level of study variables with respect to the reference level, adjusted by age, sex, and smoking habit.

^aSome figures do not add up to the total because of missing values.

^bLevels of adducts per 10⁸ NN.

^cSeparate models were used to estimate associations according to residence and type of employment, duration of employment (among industrial workers only; n = 54), and duration of residence near the industrial complex (among nearby residents only; n = 58), with adjustment for sex, age, and smoking.

^dReference level.