Table 4.

Fetal Muscle Samples with Hypermethylation of Multiple Imprinted Genes

		Methylation values							Phenotype
Sample number	Weeks gestation	H19	MEG3	LIT1	NESP55	PEG3	SNRPN	Number of outliers	Placenta	Fetus	Karyotype/Genital sex
Spontaneous abortions
2	17	N	N	+	N	+	N	2	CHA	NAD	46,XY
118	20	N	++	N	N	++	+	3	RC	NAD	46,XY
Stillbirths
1	35	+	++	N	+	N	++	4	VMI	NAD	Male
6	37	+	+	N	+	+	+	5	VMI	NAD	46,XY
7	32	N	N	N	+	N	+	2	VMI	NAD	46,XY
16	22	N	+	+	N	+	+	4	VMI	NAD	Female
30	36	+	++	N	+	++	++	5	VMI	NAD	46,XX
53	28	+	++	N	N	+	++	4	VMI	NAD	46,XY
93	22	N	+	N	N	N	+	2	VMI	NAD	46,XY
102	37	N	+	N	+	N	++	3	VMI	NAD	46,XY
104	26	N	+	N	+	+	++	4	CHA	NAD	46,XY
134	24	N	N	+	N	+	N	2	NAD	Lymphangioma	Male

This table presents abortions and stillbirths with extreme methylation values in at least two studied genes. Box plot analysis was performed for all 146 fetal muscle samples. “N” indicates normal methylation. Hypermethylated outliers are indicated by “+” and extreme outliers by “++.” The observed placental phenotypes include chorionamnionitis (CHA), regressive changes (RC), and villus maturation impairment (VMI). NAD means nothing abnormal detected.