Table 4. Average Costs and Percentage of Patients with Positive Costs for Cancer Patients and Control Subjects Before and After Diagnosis or Reference Date.

		Cancer Cases	Control Subjects	Difference	95% Confidence Interval
11 months before reference date – 30 daysa	Total	4757	4653	103	(−221,	428)
	Inpatient	2691	2451	240	(−16,	497)
	Outpatient	758	789	−31	(−96,	35)
	Physician*	1303	1387	−84	(−147,	−21)
	Hospice*	3	27	−23	(−35,	−12)
13 months after reference date – 30a	Total*	34077	5249	28832	(28209,	29455)
	Inpatient*	23234	2767	20470	(19974,	20966)
	Outpatient*	3169	808	2361	(2232,	2490)
	Physician*	7143	1622	5522	(5361,	5683)
	Hospice*	530	52	479	(416,	541)
		Cancer Cases			Control Subjects
		N	%		N	%
11 months before reference date – 30 daysb	Total	5722	88.55		10219	88.99
	Inpatient*	1279	19.79		2038	17.75
	Outpatient*	4152	64.25		7815	68.06
	Physician*	5240	81.09		9908	86.28
	Hospice*	3	0.05		50	0.44
13 months after reference date – 30b	Total	6462	100		10007	87.15
	Inpatient* b	6043	93.52		2214	19.28
	Outpatient* b	5923	91.66		7765	67.62
	Physician* b	6150	95.17		9778	85.15
	Hospice* b	770	11.92		105	0.91

^*Indicates statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

^aWald test for equality of means was used to compare costs between cancer patients and control subjects in each period. Robust standard errors were used.

^bConditional logistic regression for matched case-control groups was used to compare percent with zero cost.

SOURCE: Michigan Tumor Resigtry, Medicare and Medicaid fee-for-service claims from 1996 to 2000.