Table 2.

Other measures of rumination

Measure	Context	Conceptualization of Rumination	Total Items & Psychometric Properties	Findings
Responses to Stress Questionnaire Conner-Smith et al. (2000)	Emotion regulation	Rumination is one of many multidimensional responses to stress. Rumination is an involuntary engagement strategy and is not a coping style because it is not voluntary.	57 items that capture 19 aspects of coping responses 3-item rumination scale shows adequate internal consistencies (ranging from .69–.78) and 1–2 week test–retest reliability (r=.76). Specificity to depression not assumed or demonstrated	Related to behavioral and emotional problems in youth (Conner-Smith et al., 2000). Related to higher levels of depressive symptoms in None adolescents, as well as externalizing behaviors, and poorer regulation of anger (Silk et al., 2003). Greater use of involuntary engagement strategies associated with more anxiety; this relationship was stronger for women (Wadsworth et al., 2004) Involuntary engagement strategies correlated with more depressive symptoms and trait anxiety (Luecken, Tartaro, & Appelhans, 2004).
Impact of Events Scale Horowitz et al. (1979)	Responses to traumatic events	Rumination is one of many potential responses to traumatic events, and is categorized as intrusive.	15 items that load on 2 scales Good internal consistency (α=.90) Split-half reliability (r=.86) Specificity to depression not assumed or demonstrated	IES related to trauma symptoms, ASD, PTSD, depressive symptoms, and other measures of depressive rumination (Friedberg et al., 2005; Siegle et al., 2004). Did not uniquely contribute to the prediction of depressive symptoms in a factor analysis (Siegle et al., 2004).
Response to Intrusions Questionnaire Clossy and Ehlers (1999)	Responses to traumatic events	Rumination is a meta-cognitive response to trauma-related intrusive thoughts.	Rumination subscale is 3 items Internal consistency for the scale is low (α's range from .39 to .59) Specificity to depression not assumed or demonstrated	Relationship between ruminative responses to trauma intrusions and PTSD symptoms (Clossy & Ehlers, 1999; Dunmore et al., 2001; Ehlers et al., 1998; Steil & Ehlers, 2000). Rumination in response to loss significantly associated with grief and depressive symptoms, and rumination and negative interpretations of grief reactions were the strongest predictors of symptom severity (Boelen, van den Bout, & van den Hout, 2003). 2 of the RIS rumination items were related to depressive symptoms, however, the item, “I dwell on them,” was not (Starr & Moulds, 2006).
Retrospective Ruminations Questionnaire Luminet (2004)	Response to negative life event	Intrusiveness of thoughts is a dimension of ruminative thinking. Rumination occurs in response to both negative and positive events, and thus, is potentially adaptive facet of emotion processing	6 items on various dimensions Internal consistencies ranged from .75 to .84 Specificity to depression not assumed or demonstrated	Rumination reported equally in response to negative and positive events, whereas intrusive thoughts were reported more in response to negative events (Luminet, Zech, Rime, & Wagner, 2000) Intrusive ruminations have been related to the rumination subscale of the RSQ and were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms (Siegle et al., 2004). Not related to other indices of more anxiety related thought (such as the Emotion Control Questionnaire) (Luminet, 2004). No outcome measures were presented, thus, no way to determine how these measures relate to mental health status (Luminet et al., 2000; Luminet et al., 2004; Luminet, Rime, & Wagner, 2004).
Emotion Control Questionnaire Roger and Najarian (1989)	Personality, emotional intelligence, social and emotional competence	Rumination is a characteristic strategy that may be employed in response to stress or other negative experiences or emotions.	56-item inventory that contains 4 scales Internal consistencies of the rehearsal scale is good (α=.80). Test–retest reliabilities over 7 weeks ranged from .73 to .92. Specificity to depression not assumed or demonstrated	Related to other widely used measures of rumination (including the RSQ; Siegle et al., 2004). It has also been related to depressive symptoms (Lok & Bishop, 1999; Siegle et al., 2004), trait anxiety (Roger & Najarian, 1989), stress (Lok & Bishop, 1999), health complaints (Lok & Bishop, 1999), sustained heart rate during stress (Roger & Jamieson, 1988), and cortisol secretion during stress (Roger & Najarian, 1998). In a factor analytic study, was a significant predictor of depression, stress, anxiety, and satisfaction with social support (Ciarrochi et al., 2003).