Table 1.
Studies of Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales Included in the Meta-analysis
| Reference | Year | Scales | Location | Sample Size (Men/Women) | Population | Age of the Sample (y) Mean ± SD [range] |
| Atbasoglu et al28 | 2003 | MIS | Turkey | 332 (181/151) | Medical students | 19.9 ± 1.3 [17–28] |
| Bailer et al29 | 2004 | SAS | Germany | 83 (35/48) | Students and employees | 33.5 ± 8.2 |
| Balogh and Merritt30 | 1990 | MIS | Indiana | 3249 (1247/2002) | Undergraduate students | — |
| Barnett and Corballis31 | 2002 | MIS | New Zealand | 250 (70/180) | Undergraduate psychology students | 23.8 [18–59] |
| Berry et al32 | 2006a | SAS | United Kingdom | 230 (58/158)b | Students | Md = 21 [17–67] |
| Camisa et al33 | 2005a | MIS, PER, SAS | Indiana | 54 (35/19) | Colunteers | 34.5 ± 12.1 |
| Chapman et al26 | 1980 | PAS, PER | Wisconsin | 2576 (1209/1367) | College students | — |
| Chapman and Chapman | Unpublished | MIS, SAS | Wisconsin | 1615 (775/840) | College students | — |
| Chen and Su34 | 2006a | PER | Taiwan | 905 (446/459) | Junior high school students | 14.0 ± 0.9 |
| Chen et al35 | 1997a | PER | Taiwan | 115 (52/63) | Junior high school students | 14.0 ± 0.8 |
| Chen et al35 | 1997a | PER | Taiwan | 345 (165/180) | Community | 41.3 ± 12.9 |
| Chmielewski et al24 | 1995 | MIS, PAS, PER, SAS | Illinois | 7691 (3648/4043) | College students | Md = 18 |
| Diduca and Joseph36 | 1997 | MIS | United Kingdom | 201 (87/114) | 45% University students, others employees | 31.3 ± 12.3 [17–71] |
| Dumas et al37 | 1999 | MIS | France | 134 (60/74) | Students | 20.1 ± 1.5 |
| Dumas et al38 | 2000 | MIS, PAS, PER, SAS | France | 233 (108/225) | Undergraduate students | 21.2 ± 1.5 |
| Etain et al39 | 2007a | PAS | France | 170 (98/72) | Blood donors | 42.7 ± 9.7 [19–64] |
| Farias et al40 | 2005 | MIS | United Kingdom | 99 (43/56) | 54% Students, others volunteers | 38.2 ± 21.1 [17–79] |
| Franken et al41 | 2007a | PAS | The Netherlands | 219 (37/182) | Undergraduate psychology students | 20.0 ± 2.2 [17–28] |
| Glatt et al42 | 2006a | MIS, PAS, PER | Maryland | 55 (24/31) | Volunteers | 17.6 ± 3.7 |
| Graves and Weinstein43 | 2004a | MIS, PAS, PER | Canada | 108 (36/72) | Volunteers, mostly students | 25.5 ± 9.4 [18–72] |
| Jaspers-Fayer and Peters44 | 2005 | MIS | Canada | 413 (156/257) | General population | 19.2 |
| Kelley | Unpublished | MIS | Maryland | 740 (302/438) | Undergraduate students | — |
| Kosmadakis et al45 | 1995 | PAS, SAS | France | 126 (53/73) | General population | 34.2 ± 10.1 [18–70] |
| Kwapil et al46 | In press | MIS, PAS, PER, SAS | North Carolina | 6137 (1473/4664) | undergraduate students | 19.4 ± 3.7 y |
| Lenzenweger and Moldin47 | 1990 | PER | New York | 707 (325/382) | First year university students | “Nearly all over 18” |
| Leventhal et al48 | 2006a | PAS | Texas | 151 (46/105) | College students | 22.8 ± 5.3 [18–60] |
| Lipp et al49 | 1994 | MIS, PAS, PER, SAS | Australia | 537 (166/371) | Undergraduate students | — [17–51] |
| Loas50 | 1995 | PAS | France | 384 (154/230) | General population | 31.8 ± 12.2 [17–76] |
| Mathews and Barch51 | 2006a | MIS, PAS, PER, SAS | Missouri | 389 (160/229)d | Undergraduate students | 19.5 ± 1.2 [18–26] |
| Meyer and Hautzinger52 | 1999 | MIS, PAS, PER | Germany | 279 (111/159) | Community | 23.3 ± 2.6 |
| Miettunen et al | Unpublished | PAS, PER, SAS | Finland | 4908 (2193/2715)d | General population | 30.9 ± 0.3 |
| Miller and Burns23 | 1995 | MIS, PAS, PER, SAS | Georgia | 1106 (404/702) | Undergraduate students | 19.0 ± 2.0 [17–43] |
| Mohr and Leonards53 | 2005 | MIS, PAS | United Kingdom | 122 (20/102) | University students | 20.1 ± 3.5 [18–39] |
| Muntaner et al54 | 1988 | MIS, PAS, PER, SAS | Spain | 735 (355/380) | First year university students | 19.2 ± 2.5 |
| Muris and Merckelbach55 | 2003a | MIS, PER | The Netherlands | 77 (34/43) | undergraduate students | 21.0±1.9 [18-27] |
| Nicholls et al56 | 2005 | MIS | Australia | 933 (212/721) | Undergraduate psychology students | Mode = 20 [17–56] |
| Overby57 | 1993 | MIS, PAS, PER | Texas | 2092 (920/1172) | Undergraduate students | — |
| Peeters | Unpublished | PAS | Canada | 199 (99/100) | University, volunteers | — [18–24] |
| Peltier and Walsh58 | 1990 | MIS, PAS, PER | Montana | 228 (89/139) | College students | — |
| Peeters et al59 | 1999 | MIS | United Kingdom | 267 (81/133)b | Open university students | 36.5 (10.2) [19–75]e |
| Ross et al60 | 2002 | MIS, PAS, PER, SAS | Canada | 473 (142/321) | Undergraduate college students | 20.1 ± 3.4 |
| Scherbarth-Roschmann and Hautzinger61 | 1991 | PAS, PER | Germany | 871 (428/418)b | Healthy volunteers, students, and employees | 22.5 ± 3.76 |
| Tobacyk and Wilkinson62 | 1990 | MIS | Ar-Lo-Mis-Tx | 282 (145/137) | College students | 19.7 ± 2.2 |
| White et al63 | 1995 | MIS | United Kingdom | 183 (78/105) | Normal volunteers | 34.2 ± 11.6 [18–70] |
Note: MIS = Magical Ideation Scale, PER = Perceptual Aberration Scale, PAS = Physical Anhedonia Scale, SAS = Social Anhedonia Scale; Md = median.
a
Also unpublished data from the authors.
b
All participants did not report sex.
c
Unpublished study, data presented in Kwapil et al.25
d
Maximum sample size, sample sizes vary by scale.
e
Age for total sample, including also subjects who fulfilled only other scales, in addition, not all participants reported their age. Ar-Lo-Mis-Tx = Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas.