Table 1.
Structural and Morphological Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Patients. (meta, meta-analysis; *, first episode)
| Brain Region | Representative References | |
| Gross anatomy (imaging) | ||
| Decreased brain volume | Whole brain | Vita et al8 meta*, Steen et al10 meta*, Wright et al9 meta |
| Temporal lobe | Shenton et al4 review | |
| Hippocampus | Vita et al8 meta*, Steen et al10 meta*, Wright et al9 meta | |
| Amygdala | Wright et al9 meta | |
| Thalamus | Ellison-Wright et al11 meta* | |
| Anterior cingulate | Ellison-Wright et al11 meta* | |
| Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit | Ellison-Wright et al11 meta* | |
| Enlarged ventricles | Lateral ventricles | Vita et al8 meta*, Steen et al10 meta*, Shenton et al4 review, Wright et al9 meta |
| Third ventricles | Vita et al8 meta*, Shenton et al4 review | |
| Changed asymmetry | Sommer et al19meta | |
| Decreased white matter | Whole brain | Wright et al9meta |
| Frontal & temporal cortex | Ellison-Wright 2009 meta | |
| Neurohistology | ||
| Pyramidal neurons | ||
| Reduced neuron density | PFC (no change in cell number | Selemon and Goldman-Rakic20review |
| Reduced soma size | PFC | Rajkowska et al21 |
| Reduced dendritic field | PFC | Black et al22 |
| Reduced spine density | FC | Glantz and Lewis5 |
| Interneurons | ||
| Less GAD67+ | PFC (mRNA) | Akbarian et al26 |
| Less reelin+ | PFC (mRNA) | Guidotti et al23 |
| Less parvalbumin+ | PFC (IR) | Beasley et al28 |
| Hc (IR) | Zhang and Reynolds30 | |
| No change in calretinin+ | PFC (IR) | Beasley et al28 |
| Hc (IR) | Zhang and Reynolds30 | |
| Less somatostatin+ | PFC (mRNA) | Hashimoto et al32 |
| Less cholecystokinin+ | PFC (mRNA) | Hashimoto et al32 |
| Glia | ||
| Fewer oligodendrocytes | PFC | Vostrikov et al35 |
| Thalamus | Byne et al33 | |
| Hc | Schmitt et al34 | |
Note: PFC, prefrontal cortex; IR, immunoreactivity; Hc, hippocampus.