Table 2.
Structural and Morphological Abnormalities in Nongenetic Rodent Schizophrenia Models (Poly I:C, Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid; PCP, Phencyclidine; BLA, Basoleteral Amygdala; DG, Dentate Gyrus; GFAP, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Hc, Hippocampus; IR, Immunoreactivity; mPFC, Medial Prefrontal Cortex)
| Neuropathohistology |
||||||
| Model | Imaging | Gross Anatomy | Cytoarchitecture | Pyramidal Neurons | Interneurons | Glia |
| N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists | ||||||
| PCP (rat) | Fewer PFC synapses (Hajszan et al43) | Less parvalbumin + IR in Hc (Jenkins et al42) | Increased astroglia process density w/o change in glia number (Hajszan et al43) | |||
| PCP (mouse) | Fewer parvalbumin + mRNA cells in PFC (Thomsen et al41) | |||||
| Ketamine (rat) | Fewer parvalbumin + IR cells in Hc (Keilhoff et al44) | |||||
| MK-801 (rat) | Less parvalbumin + IR, no change in calretinin in Hc (Braun et al45) | |||||
| Dopamine enhancement | ||||||
| Amphetamine (rat) | Reduced GAD67 IR in Hc, PFC, thalamus, amygdala (Peleg-Raibstein et al47) | No change in GFAP in caudate-putamen (Peleg-Raibstein et al47) | ||||
| Prenatal/perinatal environmental insults | ||||||
| Cesarean +/− anoxia (rat) | Changes in spine density and dendrite length at the PFC and CA1 (Juarez et al50) | |||||
| Poly I:C (mouse G9) | Decreased Hc myelination (Makinodan et al51) | Increased GABAA α2 IR at ventral DG and BLA (Nyffeler et al52) | No change in oligodendrocyte number (Makinodan et al51) | |||
| Influenza (mouse G9) | Enlarged brain (Fatemi et al53) | Increased pyramidal and nonpyramidal cell density (Fatemi et al53) | Increased GFAP IR in cortex and Hc (Fatemi et al53 Mol) | |||
| Influenza (mouse G18) | Smaller brain volume, white matter atrophy at the corpus callosum (Fatemi et al54) | |||||
| LPS (rat G15–16) | Reduced dendrite length and spine density in mPFC and CA1 (Baharnoori et al55) | |||||
| Postnatal stress | ||||||
| Isolation rearing (rat) | Smaller mPFC w/o change in cell number (Day-Wilson et al56) | Reduced dendritic length at CA1 and decreased spine density at mPFC, Hc (Silva-Gomez et al57) | ||||
| Chronic corticosteroids (rat) | Neuronal loss and atrophy of PFC layer2 (Cerqueira et al58) | |||||
| Developmental lesions | ||||||
| Neonatal Ventral Hc (rat) | Shorter and less branched basilar dendrites and reduced spine density at the mPFC (Flores et al60) | Decreaced GAD67 at the PFC (Lipska et al61) | ||||
| MAM (rat) | Thinning of the entorhinal cortex, abnormal temporal asymmetry (Talamini et al63) | Disorganized cortical layering (Talamini et al63) | Decreased density of parvalbumin neurons at the mPFC, Hc (Lodge et al64) | |||