Table 1.

Effects of lifestyle measures, antiobesity agents, and bariatric surgery on serological markers of inflammation in obese patients.

Intervention	Marker of inflammation	Effect	Reference
Diet alone	hsCRP	↓	↓: [20, 22, 52–60, 62, 64–75, 115, 118]
		or no effect
			no effect: [28, 63]
	TNFα	↓	↓: [31, 72, 74, 76, 77]
		or ↑	↑: [117]
		or no effect	no effect: [28, 70, 75, 115, 118]
	IL-6	↓	↓: [28, 31, 72, 76, 115]
		or no effect	no effect: [60, 74]
	IL-8	↓	↓: [76]
		or ↑	↑: [31]
		or no effect	no effect: [70]
	IL-10	No effect	[78]
	IL-18	↓	[33]
	IL-20	↓	[79]
	sICAM-1	↓	↓: [36, 52, 55, 61, 62, 72]
		or no effect	no effect: [70]
	sVCAM-1	↓	↓: [36, 61, 80]
		or ↑	↑: [62]
		or no effect	no effect: [70]
Exercise alone	hsCRP	↓	↓: [83–87]
		or no effect	no effect: [88–90, 92, 115, 116, 118]
	TNFα	↓	↓: [35, 87, 91]
		or ↑	↑: [117]
		or no effect	no effect: [84, 92, 115, 116, 118]
	IL-6	↓	↓: [90]
		or no effect	no effect: [83, 85, 89, 92, 115, 116]
	IL-10	↑	[84]
	IL-18	↓	↓: [84]
		or no effect	no effect: [93]
	sICAM-1	No effect	[85]
	sVCAM-1	No effect	[85]
Combination of diet and exercise	hsCRP	↓	↓: [26, 29, 40, 94–96, 98–116, 118]
		or no effect	no effect: [97]
	TNFα	↓	↓: [26, 40, 101, 105]
		or ↑	↑: [117]
		or no effect	no effect: [94, 95, 97, 109, 112, 115, 116, 118]
	IL-6	↓	↓: [26, 94, 97, 98, 100–103, 107, 110–113, 115, 116]
		or no effect
			no effect: [95, 96, 109]
	IL-7	↓	[111]
	IL-8	↓	[113]
	IL-18	↓	[100–102, 106, 111]
	sICAM-1	↓	[26, 104]
	sVCAM-1	↓	[26]
Orlistat	hsCRP	↓	↓: [123–125, 128]
		or no effect	no effect: [126, 127, 133]
	TNFα	↓	[123, 127, 129]
	IL-6	↓	↓: [123, 124, 129]
		or no effect	no effect: [127]
Sibutramine	hsCRP	↓	↓: [132, 133, 147]
		or no effect	no effect: [135]
	TNFα	↓	[134]
	IL-6	↓	[134]
	IL-10	↑	[134]
Metformin	hsCRP	↓	↓: [139, 141, 144, 146, 147]
		or no effect	no effect: [140, 142, 145]
	TNFα	No effect	[139, 145]
	IL-6	↓	↓: [144]
		or no effect	no effect: [139, 145]
	sICAM-1	↓	↓: [139]
		or no effect	no effect: [138, 140, 146]
	sVCAM-1	↓	[138–140, 146]
	soluble E-selectin	↓	↓: [139, 140]
		or no effect	no effect: [138, 146]
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass	hsCRP	↓	[158–166]
	TNFα	No effect	[166]
	sTNFR-2	No effect	[166]
	IL-6	↓	↓: [160, 162, 163, 165]
		or no effect	no effect: [166]
	IL-18	↓	[180]
	sICAM-1	No effect	[166]
	sVCAM-1	No effect	[166]
	soluble E-selectin	↓	[166]
	MCP-1	↓	[180]
Gastric banding	hsCRP	↓	↓: [158, 169–175]
		or no effect	no effect: [176]
	TNFα	No effect	[172, 174]
	sTNFR-2	↓	[167, 180]
	IL-6	↓	↓: [171, 172]
		or no effect	no effect: [174]
	IL-18	↓	[167]
	sICAM-1	↓	↓: [37, 171, 182]
		or no effect	no effect: [176]
	sVCAM-1	↓	↓: [176]
		or no effect	no effect: [181]
	soluble E-selectin	↓	[37, 176, 181, 182]
	MCP-1	↓	[167]
Liposuction	hsCRP	No effect	No effect: [183, 184]
		or ↓	↓: [185]
	TNFα	No effect	No effect: [183, 184]
		or ↓	↓: [185]
	IL-6	No effect	No effect: [183, 184]
		or ↓	↓: [185]
	IL-18	↓	[185]

hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL: interleukin; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α; sICAM-1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; sVCAM-1: soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; sTNFR-2: soluble TNF receptor 2.