Table 2.
Characteristics of Men and Women Aged 50 and Older in Two Districts in Ismailia, Egypt
| Men | Women | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Childhood (≤ 15 years) Cognitive Resources and Constraints, Cr | |||
| Father’s schooling (ref. = none) | 93.3 | 91.7 | |
| Any | 5.9 | 6.1 | |
| Missing | 0.8 | 2.2 | |
| Family economic statusa | 3.44 (3.36, 3.51) | 3.51 (3.45, 3.58) | |
| Rural residence for five or more years (ref. = no) | 47.2 | 49.8 | |
| Yes | 51.5 | 49.5 | |
| Missing | 1.3 | 0.7 | |
| Number of grades | 4.08 (2.91, 5.26) | 1.21 (0.90, 1.52) | *** |
| Number of grades, squared | 42.46 (23.39, 61.52) | 8.63 (4.65, 12.61) | *** |
| Worked before age 16 (ref. = no) | 25.0 | 7.8 | *** |
| First married before age 16 (ref. = no) | 1.7 | 27.4 | *** |
| Age at first marriage imputed | 8.2 | 19.1 | *** |
| Childhood Health Status, Ch | |||
| Smoked before age 16 (ref. = no) | 69.1 | 97.1 | *** |
| Yes | 29.0 | 0.9 | |
| Missing | 1.9 | 2.1 | |
| Confined to bed for at least one month for a health problem (ref. = no) | 92.8 | 88.0 | |
| Yes | 3.4 | 5.0 | |
| Missing | 3.8 | 7.0 | |
| Any major child illnessb | 40.3 | 38.4 | |
| Adult (aged 16 and older) Cognitive Resources and Constraints, Ar | |||
| Household standard of living scorec | 10.56 (9.85, 11.28) | 9.73 (9.08, 10.38) | † |
| Working at age 50 (ref. = no) | 94.4 | 15.7 | *** |
| Number of children ever born | 5.96 (5.43, 6.48) | 6.30 (5.67, 6.92) | |
| Number of deceased sons | 0.54 (0.42, 0.65) | 0.78 (0.61, 0.95) | * |
| Number of deceased daughters | 0.45 (0.38, 0.52) | 0.63 (0.52, 0.73) | ** |
| Ever divorced or widowed | 21.7 | 52.2 | *** |
| Number of living brothers | 1.77 (1.51, 2.03) | 1.86 (1.67, 2.05) | |
| Number of living sisters | 1.77 (1.61, 1.93) | 1.72 (1.52, 1.93) | |
| Lived alone five years before interview | 2.4 | 8.4 | *** |
| Relationship to (former) spouse (ref. = nonrelative) | 54.6 | 53.9 | |
| Cousin | 35.6 | 36.4 | |
| Other relative | 9.8 | 9.7 | |
| Adult Health Status (self-reported doctor-diagnosed), Ah | |||
| Smoked at age 16 or later (ref. = no) | 19.0 | 87.2 | *** |
| Yes | 80.5 | 11.1 | |
| Missing | 0.5 | 1.7 | |
| Diabetes (ref. = no) | 13.4 | 18.8 | † |
| Heart disease (ref. = no) | 6.0 | 9.5 | |
| High blood pressure (ref. = no) | 72.2 | 53.0 | *** |
| Yes | 26.5 | 46.3 | |
| Missing | 1.4 | 0.7 | |
| Stroke (ref. = no) | 5.5 | 3.5 | |
| Score for health-condition–specific medications takend | 0.85 (0.64, 1.07) | 1.32 (1.16, 1.47) | *** |
| Other Controls, X | |||
| Age in years | 61.20 (58.05, 64.34) | 60.62 (58.02, 63.20) | |
| Rural residence (ref. = urban) | 27.6 | 31.3 |
Notes: Weighted sample sizes are 500 for men and 503 for women. Unweighted sample sizes are 466 for men and 529 for women.
Self-rated as very poor (1), poor (2), average (3), good (4), very good (5).
Bilharizia, anemia, nephritis, hepatitis, measles, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, asthma, chronic bronchitis, polio, mumps, meningitis, and other.
Sum of 17 assets/amenities: finished floor, water piped into residence or yard, flushing toilet, radio, television, video, telephone, cell phone, fan, heater, refrigerator, washer, bicycle, car, tap, soap, and sink.
Range from did not take (0) to took continuously last year (8).
p < .10;
p < .05;
p < .01;
p < .001 (adjusted for the sample design)