Table 4.
Factors associated with dental visit among mothers by simple logistic regression analysis
| Variables | Crude OR | 95% CI | LR χ2(df)a | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤35 | 1.00 | -- | 0.593 (1) | 0.444 |
| >35 | 1.40 | 0.59-3.32 | ||
| Ethnic group | ||||
| Malay | 1.00 | -- | 0.891 (1) | 0.345 |
| Others | 0.39 | 0.05-3.37 | ||
| Highest educational level | ||||
| Secondary | 1.00 | -- | 4.078 (2) | 0.130 |
| Post-secondary/Diploma | 0.08 | 0.14-1.12 | 3.010 (1)b | 0.083b |
| Tertiary | 0.84 | 0.44-2.76 | 0.041 (1)b | 0.839b |
| Household income (Malaysian Ringgit) | ||||
| <3000 | 1.00 | -- | 0.339 (2) | 0.844 |
| 3001-5000 | 1.15 | 0.44-3.00 | 0.080 (1)b | 0.778b |
| >5000 | 0.73 | 0.19-2.89 | 0.199 (1)b | 0.656b |
| Employment status | ||||
| No | 1.00 | -- | 0.007 (1) | 0.936 |
| Yes | 1.03 | 0.46-2.35 | ||
| Period of gestation (weeks) | ||||
| 28-32 | 1.00 | -- | 0.437 (2) | 0.804 |
| 33-37 | 0.85 | 0.35-2.07 | 0.133 (1)b | 0.715b |
| >37 | 1.20 | 0.44-3.27 | 0.127 (1)b | 0.721b |
| Gravida status | ||||
| Primigravida | 1.00 | -- | 0.003 (1) | 0.954 |
| Multigravida | 0.98 | 0.41-2.32 | ||
| Oral health status | ||||
| Fair | 1.00 | -- | 0.701 (1) | 0.400 |
| Very good/good | 0.70 | 0.31-1.60 | ||
| Self-reported oral health problem | ||||
| None | 1.00 | -- | 2.390 (2) | 0.303 |
| One problem | 1.58 | 0.61-4.09 | 0.873 (1)b | 0.350b |
| Two or more problems | 2.10 | 0.80-5.46 | 2.289 (1)b | 0.130b |
| Oral health education received before the current pregnancy | ||||
| No | 1.00 | -- | 14.334 (1) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 5.03 | 2.15-11.76 | ||
| Aware of relationship between maternal oral health and pregnancy outcomes | ||||
| No | 1.00 | -- | 11.271 (1) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 4.57 | 1.73-12.05 | ||
| Aware of free dental services in government clinics | ||||
| No | 1.00 | -- | 3.150 (1) | 0.082 |
| Yes | 2.08 | 0.91-4.73 | ||
| Distance to nearest dental clinic (km) | ||||
| ≤5 | 1.00 | -- | 1.749 (1) | 0.184 |
| >5 | 1.71 | 0.77-3.80 | ||
| Accessibility to the nearest dental clinic | ||||
| Difficult | 1.00 | -- | 0.104 (2) | 0.950 |
| Easy | 1.22 | 0.23-6.44 | 0.054 (1)b | 0.816b |
| Very easy | 1.33 | 0.22-8.10 | 0.098 (1)b | 0.755b |
a Likelihood Ratio (LR) test
b Wald test