Table 1.

Effects of psychotropic agents on brain function in healthy controls

Study	Medication (duration of use)	Healthy controls, no.	Neuroimaging method	Task	Neural effects
Loubinoux et al.26	Fluoxetine (short-term) Fenzole (short-term)	12	fMRI	Hand sensorimotor task	↑ activation of posterior supplementary area ↓ activation of bilateral cerebellum
Loubinoux et al.27	Paroxetine (1 mo)	19	fMRI	Active/passive movement dexterity task Sensory discrimination task	Modulation of motor cortex excitability
Peran et al.28	Paroxetine (4 mo)	12	fMRI	Action-related language processing	↓ activation of left prefrontal and right medial premotor cortex ↑ activation of right BA 6 for less demanding and repetition tasks
Del-Ben et al.29	Citalopram (short-term)	12	fMRI	No-go task Adverse faces	↑ activation of right BA 47 to no-go ↓ activation of right amygdala to adverse faces
Murphy et al.30	Citalopram (short-term)	26	fMRI	Fearful facial expressions	↓ amygdala response to fearful facial expressions
Harmer et al.32	Citalopram (7 d)	24	fMRI	Masked fearful and happy facial expressions	↓ amygdala responses ↓ hippocampus response ↓ medial prefrontal cortex masked presentations of fearful faces ↓ recognition of fearful facial expressions assessed after the scan
Arce et al.31	Escitalopram (21 d)	13	fMRI	Emotion face assessment task	↓ amygdala activation
Mintzer et al.38	Triazolam (short-term)	15	PET150 – H2O	Episodic memory encoding	↓ memory performance associated with ↓ activation in anterior cingulated cortex, precuneus and cerebellum
Mintzer et al.39	Triazolam (short-term)	12	PET150 – H2O	Somatic, episodic memory encoding	↓ memory performance associated with ↓ activation in anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus
Paulus et al.40	Lorazepam (short-term)	15	fMRI	Emotion face assessment task	↓ activation in bilateral amygdala and insula
Norbury and Mackay37	Reboxetine (7 d)	24	fMRI	Categorization and recognition of positive and negative words	↑ left precuneus and right inferior frontal gyrus during categorization of positive words ↓ left precuneus, anterior cingulate and medial frontal gyrus during recognition of positive words
Kleinschmidt et al.41	Methamphetamine (short-term)	7	fMRI	Dynamic gradient-echo imaging	↑ signal in cerebellum and subcortical grey matter structures
Holcomb et al.42	Ketamine (short-term)	23	PET H215O	Resting scan	Brain activation in the anterior cingulated and medial prefrontal cortex correlated with the psychomimetic action of ketamine
Holcomb et al.42	Ketamine (short-term)	8	fMRI	Perception of face–non-face contrast	No BOLD signal change in any region during ketamine administration
Li et al.44	Lamotrigine (short-term)	12	TMS/fMRI		Lamotrigine diffusely inhibited cortical activation induced by TMS applied over motor cortex

BA = Brodmann area; BOLD = blood oxygen level–dependent; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; PET = positron emission tomography; TMS = transcranial magnetic stimulation.