Figure 2.

Time course of cytokine levels detected in rhesus serum as early biomarkers. (a) Groups of four macaques were treated as described in the text and are represented schematically. Cytokine concentrations of (in pg/ml) (b) IL-6, (c) IL-12, (d) IP-10, and (e) IFN-α were measured after the first administration of IMO as specified in Materials and Methods. All the treatment groups received the first DNA-EP injection just before the IMO. Average values and standard deviations are shown. Group symbols are indicated in the figure legend. Asterisks indicate time points where differences are statistically significant (P < 0.05; Student's t-test). Ad6, adenovirus serotype 6; DNA-EP, DNA electroporation; IFN-α, interferon-α; IL, interleukin; i.m., intramuscular; IMO, immunomodulatory oligonucleotide; IP-10, interferon-γ-induced protein-10; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; s.c., subcutaneous; Vax, vaccination.