Table 1.
Weighted descriptive statistics by gender and sports participation
| Girls |
Boys |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sports |
No Sports |
Sports |
No Sports |
|||||||
| (N=1,283) |
(N=1,503) |
(N=1,564) |
(N=1,097) |
|||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Dependent Variables | ||||||||||
| Advanced Course Taking | ||||||||||
| Physics | .31 | *** | .17 | .35 | *** | .23 | ||||
| Foreign Language | .40 | *** | .25 | .28 | *** | .15 | ||||
| Independent Variables | ||||||||||
| Racial/Ethnic Identity | ||||||||||
| Non-Latino/a White | .71 | *** | .62 | .69 | *** | .62 | ||||
| Black | .16 | * | .19 | .16 | .17 | |||||
| Latino/a | .09 | *** | .14 | .09 | *** | .16 | ||||
| Asian | .04 | .05 | .06 | .05 | ||||||
| Grade Level (1994–1995) | ||||||||||
| 9th Grade | .35 | .34 | .34 | .35 | ||||||
| 10th Grade | .38 | * | .34 | .33 | .32 | |||||
| 11th Grade | .27 | ** | .32 | .33 | .34 | |||||
| Parent’s Education | ||||||||||
| Less than High School | .07 | *** | .15 | .06 | *** | .12 | ||||
| High School | .26 | .30 | .26 | *** | .32 | |||||
| More than High School | .67 | *** | .55 | .69 | *** | .56 | ||||
| Family Structure | ||||||||||
| Two Biological Parents | .61 | ** | .55 | .63 | *** | .52 | ||||
| Step Family | .17 | .17 | .16 | .18 | ||||||
| Single Parent | .19 | * | .22 | .17 | *** | .24 | ||||
| Other | .02 | *** | .06 | .04 | *** | .06 | ||||
| Picture Vocabulary Test Scorea | 103.75 | 12(.78) | *** | 100.69 | 13(.35) | 104.59 | 12(.94) | *** | 102.50 | (14.98) |
| Initial Science Placement (Year 1)b | 2.17 | 1(.12) | * | 2.08 | 1(.10) | 2.17 | 1(.11) | *** | 1.93 | (1.29) |
| Took Foreign Language Year 1 | .53 | ** | .48 | .47 | *** | .34 | ||||
| School Integration | ||||||||||
| School Attachmentc | 3.87 | (.76) | *** | 3.61 | (.92) | 3.98 | (.76) | *** | 3.66 | (.86) |
| Teacher Attachmentc | 3.73 | (.66) | * | 3.67 | (.71) | 3.75 | (.70) | *** | 3.58 | (.84) |
| Disengagement from Schoole | .95 | (.68) | .92 | (.73) | 1.02 | (.70) | *** | 1.15 | (.89) | |
| Other Extracurricular Participation | .75 | *** | .50 | .42 | *** | .22 | ||||
| Social-Psychological Resources | ||||||||||
| Perceived Intelligenced | 4.03 | 1(.01) | *** | 3.78 | 1(.05) | 4.03 | 1(.06) | *** | 3.80 | (1.15) |
| Self-Esteemc | 3.99 | (.56) | *** | 3.88 | (.60) | 4.24 | (.52) | *** | 4.11 | (.58) |
| Academic Orientation | ||||||||||
| GPA (1994–1995)e | 2.90 | (.75) | *** | 2.60 | (.84) | 2.63 | (.81) | *** | 2.27 | (.91) |
| Educational Expectationsc | 4.52 | (.84) | *** | 4.13 | 1(.15) | 4.25 | 1(.04) | *** | 3.81 | (1.31) |
The difference in mean or proportion between athletes and non-athletes was tested using t-tests for ordinal or continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables (two-tailed tests).
a
Range: 14 to 136
b
Range: 0 to 6
c
Range: 1 to 5
d
Range: 1 to 6
e
Range: 0 to 4
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001