Table 2.
Odds ratios from multilevel regression of girls’ physics course taking on sports participation (N=2,768)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sports Participation | 2.22 | (.15) | *** | 2.14 | (.17) | *** | 2.05 | (.18) | *** | 1.71 | (.18) | ** | 1.69 | (.18) | ** |
| Racial/Ethnic Identity | |||||||||||||||
| Black | .94 | (.24) | .96 | (.25) | .81 | (.27) | 1.10 | (.35) | 1.08 | (.35) | |||||
| Latina | .83 | (.27) | .80 | (.26) | .86 | (.28) | .89 | (.28) | .93 | (.27) | |||||
| Asian | 3.69 | (.34) | *** | 3.54 | (.36) | ** | 3.86 | (.40) | ** | 2.49 | (.41) | * | 2.40 | (.40) | * |
| Grade Level (1994–1995) | |||||||||||||||
| 9th Grade | 1.02 | (.21) | 1.01 | (.21) | 1.01 | (.21) | .92 | (.21) | .91 | (.21) | |||||
| 10th Grade | 1.13 | (.18) | 1.18 | (.18) | 1.19 | (.19) | 1.13 | (.17) | 1.11 | (.17) | |||||
| Parent’s Education | |||||||||||||||
| Less than High School | .84 | (.34) | .89 | (.31) | .92 | (.31) | 1.26 | (.34) | 1.27 | (.34) | |||||
| High School | .58 | (.18) | ** | .57 | (.19) | ** | .66 | (.20) | * | .77 | (.22) | .78 | (.21) | ||
| Family Structure | |||||||||||||||
| Step Family | .74 | (.18) | + | .79 | (.19) | .76 | (.18) | .93 | (.19) | .93 | (.19) | ||||
| Single Parent | .77 | (.21) | .81 | (.22) | .79 | (.23) | 1.02 | (.24) | 1.06 | (.25) | |||||
| Other | .32 | (.42) | ** | .40 | (.40) | * | .43 | (.39) | * | .67 | (.41) | .69 | (.41) | ||
| Picture Vocabulary Test Score | 1.05 | (.01) | *** | 1.04 | (.01) | *** | 1.03 | (.01) | *** | 1.02 | (.01) | * | 1.02 | (.01) | * |
| Initial Science Placement (Year 1) | 1.62 | (.13) | *** | 1.58 | (.13) | ** | 1.58 | (.13) | ** | 1.41 | (.12) | ** | 1.41 | (.12) | ** |
| School Integration | |||||||||||||||
| School Attachment | 1.02 | (.10) | 1.04 | (.11) | 1.02 | (.10) | 1.01 | (.10) | |||||||
| Teacher Attachment | 1.40 | (.13) | ** | 1.30 | (.12) | * | 1.12 | (.12) | 1.11 | (.12) | |||||
| Disengagement from School | .64 | (.13) | ** | .66 | (.13) | ** | .91 | (.14) | .91 | (.14) | |||||
| Other Extracurricular Participation | 1.69 | (.18) | ** | 1.49 | (.18) | * | 1.33 | (.19) | 1.33 | (.19) | |||||
| Social-Psychological Resources | |||||||||||||||
| Perceived Intelligence | 1.55 | (.09) | *** | 1.22 | (.09) | * | 1.23 | (.09) | * | ||||||
| Self-Esteem | 1.02 | (.15) | 1.08 | (.16) | 1.08 | (.16) | |||||||||
| Academic Orientation | |||||||||||||||
| GPA (1994–1995) | 4.27 | (.18) | *** | 4.30 | (.18) | *** | |||||||||
| Educational Expectations | 1.30 | (.12) | * | 1.28 | (.12) | * | |||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity Interactions | |||||||||||||||
| Black*Sports Participation | .50 | (.40) | + | ||||||||||||
| Latina*Sports Participation | .64 | (.42) | |||||||||||||
| Asian*Sports Participation | .40 | (.54) | + | ||||||||||||
| School-Level Controls | |||||||||||||||
| Mean Year 1 Science Placement | 1.32 | (.15) | + | 1.37 | (.15) | * | 1.38 | (.14) | * | 1.45 | (.16) | * | 1.46 | (.16) | * |
| Proportion of Students in Sports | .76 | (.22) | .74 | (.24) | .78 | (.24) | .74 | (.28) | .75 | (.29) | |||||
| Proportion College-Educated Parents | 1.00 | (.14) | 1.05 | (.17) | 1.07 | (.17) | 1.10 | (.18) | 1.09 | (.18) | |||||
| School Size | |||||||||||||||
| Small | 1.35 | (.53) | 1.20 | (.58) | 1.15 | (.55) | 1.53 | (.62) | 1.49 | (.62) | |||||
| Medium | 1.09 | (.36) | .99 | (.38) | .98 | (.38) | .99 | (.41) | 1.01 | (.42) | |||||
| Private School | 1.80 | (.49) | 1.78 | (.50) | 1.82 | (.48) | 1.77 | (.54) | 1.76 | (.55) | |||||
| Urbanicity | |||||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.09 | (.29) | 1.00 | (.30) | 1.01 | (.31) | 1.14 | (.34) | 1.15 | (.34) | |||||
| Rural | 1.33 | (.34) | 1.24 | (.37) | 1.31 | (.37) | 1.23 | (.46) | 1.23 | (.47) | |||||
| Region | |||||||||||||||
| West | .94 | (.35) | .91 | (.38) | .88 | (.40) | .47 | (.42) | + | .49 | (.43) | ||||
| Midwest | .44 | (.33) | * | .45 | (.35) | * | .42 | (.35) | * | .29 | (.38) | ** | .30 | (.38) | ** |
| South | .53 | (.47) | .46 | (.51) | .45 | (.53) | .30 | (.60) | * | .31 | (.60) | + | |||
| Intercept (β) | −1.61 | −1.87 | −1.80 | −1.85 | −1.89 | ||||||||||
| Log Likelihood | −3945.58 | −3864.96 | −3849.98 | −4062.14 | −4092.20 | ||||||||||
+
p<.10
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001