Table 5.
Odds ratios from multilevel regression of boys’ foreign language course taking on sports participation (N=2,504)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sports Participation | 1.72 | (.16) | ** | 1.56 | (.18) | * | 1.61 | (.20) | * | 1.35 | (.21) | 1.30 | (.19) | ||
| Racial/Ethnic Identity | |||||||||||||||
| Black | .84 | (.28) | .82 | (.29) | .83 | (.28) | 1.10 | (.27) | 1.07 | (.30) | |||||
| Latino | 4.04 | (.23) | *** | 4.02 | (.23) | *** | 4.34 | (.23) | *** | 5.75 | (.26) | *** | 5.40 | (.28) | *** |
| Asian | 1.79 | (.46) | 1.66 | (.46) | 1.87 | (.47) | 1.51 | (.43) | 1.10 | (.41) | |||||
| Grade Level (1994–1995) | |||||||||||||||
| 9th Grade | .83 | (.28) | .74 | (.31) | .76 | (.32) | .72 | (.33) | .72 | (.34) | |||||
| 10th Grade | 1.22 | (.21) | 1.16 | (.24) | 1.17 | (.24) | 1.04 | (.25) | 1.04 | (.26) | |||||
| Parent’s Education | |||||||||||||||
| Less than High School | .97 | (.38) | 1.07 | (.41) | 1.14 | (.43) | 1.22 | (.47) | 1.18 | (.48) | |||||
| High School | .48 | (.26) | ** | .49 | (.28) | * | .54 | (.28) | * | .60 | (.26) | + | .59 | (.26) | * |
| Family Structure | |||||||||||||||
| Step Family | .50 | (.24) | ** | .50 | (.24) | ** | .50 | (.25) | ** | .63 | (.25) | + | .62 | (.26) | + |
| Single Parent | .41 | (.30) | ** | .47 | (.31) | * | .46 | (.31) | * | .51 | (.34) | * | .51 | (.34) | * |
| Other | .62 | (.63) | .70 | (.65) | .66 | (.70) | .83 | (.74) | .80 | (.76) | |||||
| Picture Vocabulary Test Score | 1.05 | (.01) | *** | 1.05 | (.01) | *** | 1.04 | (.01) | *** | 1.03 | (.01) | *** | 1.03 | (.01) | *** |
| Took Foreign Language Year 1 | 7.33 | (.27) | *** | 7.24 | (.27) | *** | 6.63 | (.29) | *** | 6.32 | (.31) | *** | 6.19 | (.30) | *** |
| School Integration | |||||||||||||||
| School Attachment | .84 | (.14) | .84 | (.14) | .83 | (.15) | .83 | (.16) | |||||||
| Teacher Attachment | 1.29 | (.15) | 1.24 | (.16) | 1.06 | (.16) | 1.06 | (.16) | |||||||
| Disengagement from School | .65 | (.16) | ** | .63 | (.16) | ** | .78 | (.18) | .79 | (.19) | |||||
| Other Extracurricular Participation | 1.65 | (.19) | * | 1.40 | (.20) | + | 1.15 | (.20) | 1.16 | (.21) | |||||
| Social-Psychological Resources | |||||||||||||||
| Perceived Intelligence | 1.49 | (.12) | ** | 1.18 | (.12) | 1.18 | (.12) | ||||||||
| Self-Esteem | .91 | (.18) | .98 | (.20) | 1.01 | (.21) | |||||||||
| Academic Orientation | |||||||||||||||
| GPA (1994–1995) | 3.09 | (.17) | *** | 3.09 | (.17) | *** | |||||||||
| Educational Expectations | 1.16 | (.14) | 1.16 | (.15) | |||||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity Interactions | |||||||||||||||
| Black*Sports Participation | 1.26 | (.70) | |||||||||||||
| Latino*Sports Participation | 1.97 | (.75) | |||||||||||||
| Asian*Sports Participation | 3.66 | (.63) | * | ||||||||||||
| School-Level Variables | |||||||||||||||
| Proportion in Foreign Language Year 1 | 1.10 | (.18) | 1.12 | (.19) | 1.16 | (.19) | 1.27 | (.22) | 1.28 | (.22) | |||||
| Proportion of Students in Sports | 2.93 | (.28) | ** | 3.00 | (.30) | ** | 2.85 | (.29) | ** | 2.39 | (.32) | ** | 2.35 | (.32) | * |
| Proportion College-Educated Parents | 1.06 | (.12) | 1.09 | (.13) | 1.10 | (.13) | 1.17 | (.14) | 1.19 | (.14) | |||||
| School Size | |||||||||||||||
| Small | .09 | (.68) | ** | .09 | (.70) | ** | .09 | (.70) | ** | .08 | (.79) | ** | .08 | (.79) | ** |
| Medium | .28 | (.36) | ** | .25 | (.37) | ** | .24 | (.36) | *** | .26 | (.46) | ** | .26 | (.47) | ** |
| Private School | .53 | (.56) | .48 | (.60) | .51 | (.58) | .68 | (.71) | .71 | (.73) | |||||
| Urbanicity | |||||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.45 | (.35) | 1.48 | (.35) | 1.36 | (.36) | 1.80 | (.42) | 1.81 | (.43) | |||||
| Rural | .40 | (.40) | * | .42 | (.42) | * | .46 | (.43) | + | .48 | (.50) | .50 | (.51) | ||
| Region | |||||||||||||||
| West | .77 | (.37) | .77 | (.37) | .70 | (.39) | .42 | (.49) | + | .42 | (.50) | + | |||
| Midwest | 1.44 | (.44) | 1.27 | (.45) | 1.24 | (.44) | 1.01 | (.59) | 1.02 | (.59) | |||||
| South | .71 | (.47) | .63 | (.48) | .57 | (.48) | .37 | (.58) | + | .37 | (.58) | + | |||
| Intercept (β) | −2.37 | −2.41 | −2.35 | −2.41 | −2.36 | ||||||||||
| Log Likelihood | −3411.55 | −3337.88 | −3293.92 | −3297.26 | −3272.78 | ||||||||||
+
p<.10
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001