Table 2.
Univariate model: characteristics associated with long-term mortality in patients admitted with pneumonia
| Characteristics | HR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| ≥65 years | 3.52 | 2.58–4.80 | <0.001 |
| By decade: | |||
| <30 years | Ref. | ||
| 30–39 years | 1.11 | 0.58–2.11 | 0.748 |
| 40–49 years | 1.52 | 0.81–2.85 | 0.194 |
| 50–59 years | 1.44 | 0.73–2.85 | 0.292 |
| 60–69 years | 2.98 | 1.52–5.85 | 0.002 |
| 70–79 years | 4.85 | 2.56–9.18 | <0.001 |
| ≥80 years | 8.11 | 3.85–17.1 | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1.22 | 0.85–1.76 | 0.281 |
| Race | |||
| Caucasian | 1.41 | 1.05–1.89 | 0.023 |
| Residence | |||
| Homeless | 0.48 | 0.32–0.70 | <0.001 |
| SNF or other institution | 2.46 | 1.68–3.58 | <0.001 |
| Insurance status | |||
| Medicare | 2.48 | 1.84–3.35 | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 1.22 | 0.78–1.90 | 0.380 |
| Self-pay | 0.56 | 0.42–0.75 | <0.001 |
| Community insurance | 0.78 | 0.40–1.52 | 0.461 |
| HMO/PPO | 1.84 | 0.59–5.77 | 0.294 |
| Alcohol use | |||
| History of alcoholism and/or BAC | 0.73 | 0.54–0.98 | 0.038 |
| Substance abuse | |||
| Intravenous drug use | 0.65 | 0.41–1.01 | 0.056 |
| Marijuana | 0.83 | 0.48–1.43 | 0.499 |
| Crack | 0.48 | 0.29–0.80 | 0.004 |
| Combined substance abuse | 0.57 | 0.39–0.83 | 0.003 |
| Alcohol or intravenous drug use | 0.72 | 0.54–0.97 | 0.030 |
| Ongoing tobacco use (within the last 30 days) | 0.95 | 0.70–1.30 | 0.768 |
| Comorbid illness | |||
| Immunocompromised | 2.13 | 1.55–2.93 | <0.001 |
| HIV infection | 2.11 | 1.52–2.92 | <0.001 |
| Neutropenia in past 2 weeks | 28.20 | 6.68–119.00 | <0.001 |
| Prednisone (≥20 mg daily) | 1.39 | 0.44–4.36 | 0.571 |
| Other immunosuppressant | 9.77 | 3.91–24.40 | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 2.70 | 1.78–4.09 | <0.001 |
| Cirrhosis | 1.31 | 0.69–2.48 | 0.405 |
| Dialysis | 4.18 | 1.95–8.93 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2.47 | 1.83–3.34 | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2.27 | 1.41–3.65 | 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.71 | 1.03–2.86 | 0.040 |
| Obstructive lung disease | 1.18 | 0.85–1.64 | 0.331 |
| Hospitalized or treated for pneumonia in previous 90 days | 1.94 | 1.24–3.03 | 0.004 |
| PSI class | |||
| High risk (IV, V) | 3.34 | 2.48–4.49 | <0.001 |
| HCAP | 2.97 | 2.21–3.99 | <0.001 |
Unless otherwise indicated, reference value assumed to be the absence of the condition.
SNF = Skilled-nursing facility; HMO/PPO = health maintenance organization/preferred provider organization; BAC = blood alcohol concentration (any alcohol detected); HR = hazard ratio.