Table 1.
Summary of additional Pseudomonas syringae effector functional analyses for virulence activity.
| Effector | Pathovar/strain | Host process(es) targeted | Mechanism of action | Host target(s) or decoys (in bold) | Methods utilized* | References† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AvrB | glycinea/race 0 | PTI | Promotes phosphorylation | RIN4, RAR1 | GoF, T3D, AMT, Y2H, TP, SA, MP, CoIP, IVvE | 1–6 |
| AvrE | tomato/DC3000 | PTI, symptom formation | Unknown | Unknown | LoF, SM, PM, C, GoF, AMT | 7,8 |
| AvrPto | tomato/JL1065, DC3000 | PTI, PRR signalling, ethylene production, miRNA processing | Kinase inhibition, PRR complex disruption | Pto, FLS2, BAK1, EFR | LoF, SM, PM, GoF, T3D, AMT, TP, PT, MP, SP, SA, IVtE, IVvE, IVPD, CoIP, BiFC, SPR, Y2H | 9–22 |
| AvrRpm1 | maculicola/M2 | PTI | Promotes phosphorylation | RIN4 | LoF, SM, CoIP, IVvE, TP | 23–25 |
| AvrRps4 | pisi1/151 | PTI | Unknown | Unknown | GoF, T3D, TP | 26 |
| AvrRpt2 | tomato/JL1065 | ETI, PTI, auxin production | Cysteine protease | RIN4 | GoF, T3D, TP, IVvE, AMT, H, MP, HE, IVPD, IVtE, PT | 23,25,27–38 |
| AvrPphB | phaseolicola/ races 3 and 4 | Unknown | Cysteine protease | PBS1 | GoF, AMT, H, IVtE, MP, CoIP, HE, SA, IVvE | 39–42 |
| HopAI1 | tomato/0288‐9 | PTI, MAP kinase signalling | Phosphothreonine lyase | MPK3/MPK6 | LoF, SM, GoF, TP, PT, IVPD, CoIP, IVtE | 43,44 |
| HopAM1 | tomato/DC3000 | PTI, ABA response, salt stress response | Unknown | Unknown | GoF, T3D, TP | 45 |
| HopAO1 | tomato/DC3000 | Avirulence‐associated cell death | Protein tyrosine phosphatase | Unknown | LoF, SM, C, GoF, T3D, AMT, TP, H, IVtE | 46–48 |
| HopI1 | tomato/DC3000 | SA accumulation | J domain activity | Unknown | LoF, SM, C, H, TP, AMT, HE, MP | 49 |
| HopM1 | tomato/DC3000 | PTI, symptom formation | Promotes degradation of host proteins, mechanism unknown | MIN7 | LoF, SM, PM, C, GoF, TP, Y2H, CoIP, AMT, MP | 50–52 |
| HopN1 | tomato/DC3000 | Virulence‐ and avirulence‐associated cell death | Cysteine protease | Unknown | LoF, SM, GoF, T3D, H, IVtE | 41,53 |
| HopU1 | tomato/DC3000 | Avirulence‐associated cell death, PTI | ADP‐ribosyltransferase | GRP7 | LoF, SM, C, H, GoF, AMT, TP, IVtE, IVvE, MP | 54 |
| HopZ2 | pisi/895A | Unknown | Cysteine protease | Unknown | H, IVtE, GoF, T3D, AMT | 55,56 |
AMT, Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation; BiFC, bimolecular fluorescent complementation; C, complementation; CoIP, co‐immunoprecipitation; CT, candidate target; GoF, gain of function; H, homology; HE, heterologous expression; IVPD, in vitro pull‐down; IVtE, in vitro enzymatic activity assay; IVvE, in vivo enzymatic activity assay; LoF, loss of function; MP, mutant plants; PM, polymutant; PT, protoplast transformation; RI, RNA interference; SA, structural analysis; SM, single mutant; SP, silenced plants; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; T3D, type III secretion system delivery; TP, transgenic plants; Y2H, yeast two hybrid.
1, Ashfield et al. (1995); 2, Desveaux et al. (2007); 3, Lee et al. (2004); 4, Mackey et al. (2002); 5, Ong and Innes (2006); 6, Shang et al. (2006); 7, Badel et al. (2006); 8, Debroy et al. (2004); 9, Anderson et al. (2006); 10, Bogdanove and Martin (2000); 11, Chang et al. (2000); 12, Cohn and Martin (2005); 13, Hann and Rathjen (2007); 14, Hauck et al. (2003); 15, He et al. (2006); 16, Lin and Martin (2005); 17, Navarro et al. (2008); 18, Shan et al. (2008); 19, Shan et al. (2000); 20, Wulf et al. (2004); 21, Xiang et al. (2007); 22, Xing et al. (2007); 23, Kim et al. (2005b); 24, Mackey et al. (2002); 25, Ritter and Dangl (1995); 26, Sohn et al. (2009); 27, Axtell et al. (2003); 28, Axtell and Staskawicz (2003); 29, Chen et al. (2007); 30, Chen et al. (2004); 31, Chen et al. (2000); 32, Chisholm et al. (2005); 33, Coaker et al. (2005); 34, Guttman and Greenberg (2001); 35, Kim et al. (2005a); 36, Lim and Kunkel (2004a); 37, Lim and Kunkel (2004b); 38, Mackey et al. (2003); 39, Ade et al. (2007); 40, Shao et al. (2003); 41, Shao et al. (2002); 42, Zhu et al. (2004); 43, Li et al. (2005); 44, Zhang et al. (2007); 45, Goel et al. (2008); 46, Bretz et al. (2003); 47, Espinosa et al. (2003); 48, Underwood et al. (2007); 49, Jelenska et al. (2007); 50, Badel et al. (2003); 51, Badel et al. (2006); 52, Nomura et al. (2006); 53, Lopez‐Solanilla et al. (2004); 54, Fu et al. (2007); 55, Lewis et al. (2008); 56, Ma et al. (2006).