Fig. 3.

For each rat of a group, the mean of the results obtained from three independent immunoblottings (triplicate) performed to evaluate a protein (focal adhesion kinase [FAK], insulin receptor substrate-1 [IRS-1], or extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 [ERK-1/2]) expression or activation was used to determine the mean ± standard deviation of each group. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to determine differences of the expression or activation of FAK, IRS-1, or ERK-1/2 between groups.