Table 2.

Retrospective studies of frequency of complications in studies of neonatal and infant circumcision

Author	Country	Year of study	Number of patients	Age	Type of provider	Method used	Frequency of adverse eventsa	Frequency of serious adverse eventsb
Al-Marhoon [34]	Oman	1997-2000	171	Neonatal	Surgeon	Plastibell	1.2%c	0% (Two needed sutures)
Christakis [35]	USA	1987-1996	130475	Neonatal	-	-	0.2%	0.2%
Eroglu [41]	Turkey	2001-2002	214	Neonatal	Surgeon	Gomco clamp	2.3%	0% (One needed sutures)
Gee [38]	USA	1963-1972	5521	Neonatal	Supervised medical student, resident, or physician	52% Gomco clamp 48% Plastibell	1.7% Gomco 2.3% Plastibell	0.2%d
Iftikhar [36]	Pakistan	1998-2001	316	0-12 yrs (72% within 1 week of birth)	Pediatric surgeon	Plastibell (<2 yrs old) Open technique (≥ 2 yrs)	0.6%	0%
Metcalf [42]	USA	1974-1979	591	61% Neonatal 39% Post-neonatal	-	-	4% neonatal 10%% infantse	0.3% neonatal 1.3% infants
O'Brien [39]	USA	1985-1986	1951	Neonatal	-	43% Gomco 9.5% Plastibell 14.5% Electrocautary 33% not specified	3.1% overall	0%
Rafiq [40]	Pakistan	2000	100	Neonatal	Surgeon	Plastibell	2%	0%
Shulman [37]	Israel	1955-1963	8000	Neonatal	Mohelim	-	0.3%	0.1%
Wiswell [19]	USA	1980-1985	100157	Neonatal	Surgeons		0.2% 'serious'	0.2%

^a Cases of minor bleeding stopped with simple pressure or 'conservative management' and excessive foreskin/inadequate circumcision are not included

^b Includes complications defined as 'serious' or 'severe' by authors, or with long-term or life-threatening sequalae (partial amputation of glans, urethral laceration, need for re-surgery or plastic surgery)

^c Excludes one patient unable to pass urine for 24 hours

^d The authors note that 14 patients (0.2%) had 'really significant' complications - one life-threatening haemorrhage, 4 systemic infections, 8 circumcisions of infants with hypospaidas, and one complete denudation of the penile shaft.

^e 6 patients with hygiene concerns were excluded