Table 5.

Retrospective studies of frequency of complications in studies of child circumcision undertaken by non-medical providers

Author	Country	Years	Setting	Number of males	Age at circumcision	Provider	Frequency of adverse eventsa	Frequency of serious adverse eventsb
Ahmed [7]	Nigeria	1981-1995	Community	1360 (approx)	Mean 4 years	Traditional	3.4%	-
Atikeler [54]	Turkey	1999-2002	Community	407	Mean 7 years	Traditional	73%c
Lee [55]	Phillipines	2002	Community	114	42% 5-9 years 52% 10-14 years 5% 15-18 years	32% medical 68% traditional	63%d	3.5%
Myers [56]	Nigeria	-	Community	750	Infant/child	68% traditional 25% nurse/midwife 4% doctor	2.8%	-
Yegane [77]	Iran	2002	Community	1359	71% after 2 years of age	Traditional circumcisers	2.7%% (late complications)	0%

^a Cases of minor bleeding stopped with simple pressure or 'conservative management' and excessive foreskin/inadequate circumcision are not included

^b Includes complications defined as 'serious' or 'severe' by authors, or with long-term or life-threatening sequalae (partial amputation of glans, urethral laceration, need for re-surgery or plastic surgery)

^c This very high rate of complications consisted of bleeding (24%), infection (14%), incomplete circumcision (12%), subcutaneous cysts (15%), haematoma (6%), ischaemia (3%), penile adhesion (3%), and other conditions. Of the 97 cases of bleeding, 48 could not be stopped by haemostatic bandage and were sutured. Infections were treated with parenteral or oral antibiotics.

^d Of these,94% were reported swollen or inflamed penises. Four respondents (3.5%) of those circumcised) reported profuse bleeding