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. 2009 Nov 28;21(3):445–461. doi: 10.1007/s10552-009-9476-y

Table 2.

State-specific regression results for endoscopy use in 11 states in early (2000–2002) and late (2003–2005) periods; results significant at 5% or better

Variable California, 2000–2002 California, 2003–2005 Connecticut, 2000–2002 Connecticut, 2003–2005 Georgia, 2000–2002 Georgia, 2003–2005 Iowa, 2000–2002 Iowa, 2003–2005 Kentucky, 2000–2002 Kentucky, 2003–2005 Louisiana, 2000–2002 Louisiana, 2003–2005
Personal
Female −0.016 −0.013 −0.030 −0.019 −0.024 0.022 0.019
Disability or ESRD as original reason entitlement
Moved to different ZIP code in same state −0.023 −0.052 −0.041 −0.033
Proportion of months dually eligible −0.071 −0.066 −0.089 −0.064 −0.072 −0.089 −0.094 −0.122 −0.057 −0.065 −0.033 −0.044
Distance to closest endoscopy provider −0.001 −0.001 −0.002
Had HMO coverage in past 2 years 0.021 −0.009 0.027
Number of months with MA HMO coverage −0.011 −0.011 −0.010 −0.011 −0.013 −0.008 −0.008 −0.008 −0.005 −0.008 −0.007
Number of months missing Part B coverage −0.017 −0.021 −0.016 −0.017 −0.019 −0.011 −0.015 −0.016
Age 73–80 in 2000 −0.016 −0.053 −0.038 −0.071 −0.053 −0.083 −0.021 −0.056 −0.029 −0.051 −0.013 −0.047
Age 80-plus in 2000 −0.081 −0.172 −0.160 −0.252 −0.135 −0.226 −0.123 −0.217 −0.104 −0.206 −0.069 −0.160
Asian
African American −0.031 −0.071 −0.035 −0.053 −0.031
Hispanic −0.042 −0.026
Native American −0.054
Other race or ethnicity −0.030 −0.027 −0.085 −0.075
Had CRC diagnosis 0.446 0.306 0.445 0.324 0.467 0.317 0.516 0.361 0.598 0.382 0.563 0.369
Had BC diagnosis 0.054 0.047 0.054 0.042 0.056 0.056 0.030 0.034 0.031 0.055 0.018 0.046
Had diagnosis of IBD 0.350 0.368 0.381 0.327 0.390 0.365 0.328 0.365 0.373 0.407 0.392 0.365
Interpersonal and community
Segregation index for African Americansa −0.174 −0.074 −0.062 0.071
Segregation index for Hispanicsa −0.047 −0.184
Segregation index for Asiansa 0.633
Segregation index for Native Americansa −0.135 2.022 −0.241
Proportion of workforce who commute >60 min −0.126 0.219 −0.883 −0.629 −0.250 −0.257
Proportion of elderly with little/no English language −0.056 −0.084 −0.075 −0.075 −0.055
Proportion elderly in poverty 0.002 0.002 −0.007 0.005 −0.003 −0.002 −0.003 −0.004
Endoscopic providers per thousand elderly 0.069 0.006
Oncologists per thousand elderly −0.117 −0.291 −0.099 −0.141 −0.118
Gastroenterol-ogists per thousand elderly 0.206 0.212 0.053 0.076
Nurses per thousand elderly −0.001 0.003 0.002
Proportion of the PCSA’s beneficiaries in Medicare managed care organi-zations −0.045 −0.080 −0.280 −0.199 0.254 −0.124
Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late
Model prediction success rate 77.0 74.3 74.8 72.0 72.7 72.4 76.3 73.6 78.3 74.8 79.6 74.8
Variable Michigan, 2000–2002 Michigan, 2003–2005 New Jersey, 2000–2002 New Jersey, 2003–2005 New Mexico, 2000–2002 New Mexico, 2003–2005 Utah,2000–2002 Utah,2003–2005 Washington,2000–2002 Washington, 2003–2005
Personal
Female −0.016 −0.027 −0.030 −0.025 −0.025 −0.040 −0.020
Disability or ESRD as original reason entitlement
Moved to different ZIP code in same state −0.034 −0.029 −0.037
Proportion of months dually eligible −0.085 −0.085 −0.030 −0.039 −0.081 −0.077 −0.051 −0.119 −0.097 −0.114
Distance to closest endoscopy provider −0.003 −0.001 −0.003
Had HMO coverage in past 2 years −0.101 0.032
Number of months with MA HMO coverage −0.011 −0.010 −0.008 −0.012 −0.007 −0.010 −0.007 −0.010 −0.013 −0.008
Number of months missing Part B coverage −0.013 −0.018 −0.018 −0.018 −0.023 −0.014 −0.015 −0.010
Age 73–80 in 2000 −0.017 −0.073 −0.019 −0.059 −0.023 −0.063 −0.045 −0.083 −0.024 −0.064
Age 80-plus in 2000 −0.121 −0.204 −0.078 −0.181 −0.091 −0.213 −0.132 −0.241 −0.111 −0.227
Asian −0.100 −0.096 −0.098
African American 0.022 0.025 −0.033 0.056
Hispanic 0.060 −0.057 −0.149
Native American −0.161 −0.106 0.087
Other race or ethnicity −0.052 0.082
Had CRC diagnosis 0.468 0.313 0.581 0.367 0.460 0.330 0.500 0.333 0.439 0.310
Had BC diagnosis 0.040 0.051 0.061 0.055 0.056 0.048 0.065 0.076 0.048 0.046
Had diagnosis of irritable bowel disease 0.394 0.404 0.408 0.395 0.335 0.373 0.402 0.473 0.406 0.379
Interpersonal and community
Segregation index for African Americansa −0.038 −0.029
Segregation index for Hispanicsa −0.067 −0.070
Segregation index for Asiansa 0.104
Segregation index for Native Americansa −0.070
Proportion of workforce who commute >60 min 0.163
Proportion of elderly with little/no English language
Proportion elderly in poverty −0.004 −0.006 −0.006
Endoscopic providers per thousand elderly
Oncologists per thousand elderly 0.295 0.104 0.240 0.177 −0.207
Gastroenterologists per thousand elderly 0.119
Nurses per thousand elderly −0.004 −0.002
Proportion of the PCSA’s beneficiaries in Medicare managed care organizations −0.614 (p = 0.056) −0.229 −0.174 −0.105 (p = 0.062)

−0.101

(p = 0.069)

−0.334

(p = 0.100)

 −0.164

−0.108

(p = 0.074)
Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late
Model prediction success rate 74.1 71.0 78.4 74.3 78.5 77.0 75.3 72.3 74.5 72.9

ESRD end-stage renal disease, HMO health maintenance organization, CRC colorectal cancer, BC breast cancer, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, PCSA primary care service area

aFollowing the approach use by Massey and Denton [38], the segregation index is defined separately for each race or ethnicity relative to whites, reflecting the propensity for minorities to come into contact with whites in residential neighborhoods