Table 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Associations of DSM-IV Lifetime Personality Disorders and Past-Year Nicotine Dependence among Current Smokers Controlling for Sociodemographic Characteristics, Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders and Smoking Exposure
| Personality Disorder | Control for Sociodemographic Characteristics | Control for Sociodemographic Characteristics and Axis I Psychiatric Disorders | Control for Sociodemographic Characteristics, Axis I and II Psychiatric Disorders | Control for Sociodemographic Characteristics, Axis I and II Psychiatric Disorders and Smoking Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Cluster A | 2.37 (1.97–2.86) | 1.71 (1.41–2.07) | 1.32 (1.07–1.62) | 1.30 (1.06–1.60) |
| Paranoid | 2.07 (1.61–2.66) | 1.48 (1.14–1.91) | 1.13 (0.87–1.48) | NA |
| Schizoid | 2.25 (1.68–3.00) | 1.58 (1.17–2.12) | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) | NA |
| Schizotypal | 2.80 (2.12–3.69) | 1.97 (1.48–2.61) | 1.51 (1.13–2.02) | 1.60 (1.18–2.16) |
| Cluster B | 2.48 (2.09–2.94) | 1.87 (1.56–2.24) | 1.69 (1.41–2.04) | 1.67 (1.37–2.04) |
| Antisocial | 1.76 (1.32–2.35) | 1.28 (0.95–1.73) | 1.12 (0.83–1.53) | NA |
| Borderline | 3.25 (2.60–4.05) | 2.31 (1.82–2.93) | 1.94 (1.51–2.50) | 1.87 (1.43–2.44) |
| Histrionic | 2.41 (1.72–3.36) | 1.64 (1.18–2.28) | 1.30 (0.93–1.81) | NA |
| Narcissistic | 2.54 (2.02–3.20) | 2.01 (1.59–2.53) | 1.71 (1.35–2.16) | 1.80 (1.39–2.32) |
| Cluster C | 2.38 (1.93–2.95) | 1.78 (1.43–2.22) | 1.49 (1.20–1.86) | 1.47 (1.17–1.85) |
| Avoidant | 2.21 (1.40–3.50) | 1.49 (0.96–2.33) | 1.16 (0.74–1.81) | NA |
| Dependent | 4.22 (1.74–10.20) | 2.62 (1.07–6.43) | 1.97 (0.81–4.79) | NA |
| Obsessive-compulsive | 2.49 (2.00–3.11) | 1.90 (1.51–2.39) | 1.60 (1.28–2.01) | 1.63 (1.28–2.06) |
Note: Sociodemographic controls: age, sex, race-ethnicity, marital status
Axis I disorder controls: aggregated any mood and anxiety disorder, aggregated any drug and alcohol use disorders, ADHD
Axis II disorder controls: aggregated any other personality disorder
Smoking exposure controls: past year smoking frequency/month, number of cigarettes/smoking day, total duration of smoking in months
NA: Odds ratio were not statistically significant in the third model