Table 3.
Target genotypes and study population in association with periodontal disease and smoking
| Genotypes | Subjects | Main findings | Articles |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1A -889, IL-1B +3954 (originally described as +3953) | 134 subjects, USA | The polymorphic IL-1 gene cluster was associated with severity of periodontitis only in non-smokers. | 59 |
| IL-1A -889, IL-1B +3954 (originally described as +3953) | 28 African-American and 7 Caucasian-American families (early onset periodontitis affected and unaffected subjects), USA | IL-1ß disequilibrium with EOP was found both in smokers and non-smokers. | 57 |
| IL-1A -889 | 46 patients and 12 controls, UK | The carriage of allele 2 was associated with an increase in IL-l α protein levels, especially in non-smokers, while heavy smokers showed reduced levels of IL-lα protein, regardless of genotype. | 28 |
| IL-1A -4845, IL-1B -3954 | 295 Caucasians, Australia | A relationship was observed between the IL-1-positive genotype and increased mean probing pocket depth in non-smokers more than 50 years of age. IL-1 genotype-positive smokers had an increase in the number of probing depths ≥3.5 mm. | 56 |
| IL-1A +4845, IL-B +3954 | 90 patients (non- or former smokers), USA | IL-1 genotype-positive non-smokers or former light smokers were at increased odds of having moderate-to-severe periodontal disease compared to IL-1 genotype-negative patients. The presence of both former moderate smoking history and IL-1-positive genotype showed a lower likelihood of developing the disease when compared to those with presence of only one of the risk factors. | 60 |
| IL-1A -889, IL-1B +3954, IL-1RN | 154 Caucasians, Germany | Severity of periodontitis was associated with the composite genotype of IL-1α/1β in smokers, while no differences were found in genotype-negative subjects, irrespective of their smoking status. | 62 |
| IL-1A -889, IL-1B +3954, IL-1B -511 | 1085 Caucasians, Germany | An increased risk of periodontal disease and tooth loss was observed for IL-1 genotype-positive smokers. | 61, 63, 64 |
| IL-1A -889 IL-1B +3954 | 330 patients and 101 controls, Chile | The association between positive genotype and periodontitis was independent of smoking status. | 58 |
| IL-6 -174 | 155 patients and 54 controls, Brazil | An association between the G-genotype and periodontal status was observed only in non-smokers. | 65 |
| IL-10 -1087 | 60 patients and 39 controls, Sweden | An association between the GG genotype and periodontal status was more conspicuous in non-smokers. | 66 |
| Vitamin D receptor -1056 Taq-I | 303 patients and 231 controls, UK | Vitamin D receptor Taq-I TT polymorphism was moderately associated with both the presence and progression of periodontitis in smokers. | 70 |
| FcγRIIIb | 164 subjects aged 70 years old, Japan | An association between smoking and periodontal disease progression in elderly people with FcγRIIIb-NA2 polymorphism. | 68 |
| FcγRIIa | 422 Caucasians, USA | FcγRIIa-H/H131 genotype may be associated with chronic periodontitis risk in smokers. | 69 |
| FcγRIIIa -158V/F, FcγRIIIb -NA1/NA2 | 1083 Caucasians, Germany | Smokers show a significantly increased attachment loss in the presence of FcγRIIIb-NA2 allele. The different genotypes show no differences in non-smokers. | 63 |
| IFNGR1 | 62 patients and 56 controls, Norway | In combination with smoking, IFNGR1 was significantly associated with periodontitis. | 67 |
| NAT2 -T341C, -G590A, G857A MPO G-463ª | 1083 Caucasians, Germany | Smokers with the high activity variant of NAT 2 and MPO are at an increased risk of periodontitis. | 63 |
IL: interleukin, FcγR: Fcγ receptor, IFNGR1: interferon gamma receptor 1, NAT: N-acetyltransferase, MPO: myeloperoxidase