TABLE 2.

Effects of Ethnic Density on Birth Outcomes and Smoking During Pregnancy for Hispanic and Black Mothers, Adjusted for Parity, Maternal Age, Marital Status, Maternal Education, Maternal Nativity, and County-Level Median Income: US Linked Birth and Infant Death Data Set, 2000

	Black		Hispanic
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Mortality
0–0.99% (Ref)	1.00		1.00
1–4.99%	1.03 (0.67, 1.57)	.901	0.87 (0.68, 1.11)	.267
5–14.99%	1.14 (0.76, 1.72)	.518	0.78 (0.61, 1.00)	.050
15–49.99%	1.18 (0.79, 1.78)	.419	0.71 (0.55, 0.92)	.010
≥ 50%	1.18 (0.77, 1.79)	.448	0.57 (0.42, 0.78)	<.001
Low birthweight
0–0.99% (Ref)	1.00		1.00
1–4.99%	1.25 (1.08, 1.46)	.004	0.93 (0.85, 1.01)	.077
5–14.99%	1.34 (1.16, 1.55)	<.001	0.91 (0.83, 0.99)	.036
15–49.99%	1.38 (1.19, 1.59)	<.001	1.00 (0.91, 1.10)	.948
≥ 50%	1.35 (1.16, 1.57)	<.001	0.96 (0.84, 1.10)	.590
Preterm birth
0–0.99% (Ref)	1.00		1.00
1–4.99%	1.26 (1.09, 1.44)	.001	0.98 (0.92, 1.05)	.628
5–14.99%	1.31 (1.15, 1.49)	<.001	1.01 (0.95, 1.09)	.690
15–49.99%	1.38 (1.21, 1.58)	<.001	1.07 (1.00, 1.16)	.066
≥ 50%	1.37 (1.19, 1.57)	<.001	1.08 (0.97, 1.20)	.162
Smoking during pregnancy
0–0.99% (Ref)	1.00		1.00
1–4.99%	0.65 (0.54, 0.78)	<.001	0.60 (0.53, 0.68)	<.001
5–14.99%	0.35 (0.29, 0.41)	<.001	0.39 (0.33, 0.46)	<.001
15–49.99%	0.19 (0.16, 0.23)	<.001	0.35 (0.28, 0.42)	<.001
≥ 50%	0.12 (0.10, 0.16)	<.001	0.11 (0.07, 0.17)	<.001

Notes. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.