Table 3.

OLS and Change Models of the Effects of Out-of-Home Placement on Subsequent Cognitive Skills and Behavior Problems, Unmatched Sample

	Vocabulary	Matrices	Internalizing	Externalizing
	B (SE B)	B (SE B)	B (SE B)	B (SE B)
Model 1: Controlling only for number of months between baseline and follow-up assessments
Out-of-home placement	0.11 (0.71)	-0.03 (0.43)	2.88** (0.45)	4.71** (0.62)
Model 2: Add baseline demographic characteristics
Out-of-home placement	-0.95 (0.47)	-0.33 (0.35)	2.58** (0.46)	4.18** (0.62)
Model 3: Add maltreatment and CPS involvement measures
Out-of-home placement	-0.99 (0.48)	-0.29 (0.35)	2.17** (0.46)	3.78** (0.62)
Model 4: Residualized change model
Out-of-home placement	-0.16 (0.35)	0.12 (0.29)	1.17** (0.41)	0.90 (0.52)
Model 5: Simple change model
Out-of-home placement	0.11 (0.37)	0.45 (0.32)	0.02 (0.48)	-1.61* (0.60)
Model 6: Difference-in-difference model
Out-of-home placement*Follow-up	-0.75 (0.42)	0.08 (0.35)	0.04 (0.59)	-1.51 (0.82)
Model 7: Fixed effects model
Out-of-home placement	-0.50 (0.43)	0.10 (0.35)	0.18 (0.47)	-1.45* (0.60)

Note: 2,453 observations. Regression coefficients (B) and standard errors (SE B) presented. Model 1controls only for the number of months between the baseline and follow-up observations. Model 2 includes additional controls for child age, caregiver age, family income-to-poverty ratio, child gender, child race and ethnicity, caregiver marital status, grandparent present, caregiver not US born, and caregiver education. Models 3 through 7 include additional controls for family risk score, maltreatment types at initial investigation, whether the initial report was substantiated, and whether the child experienced an out-of-home placement prior to his or her baseline assessment. Note, however, that time invariant measures (child gender, child race and ethnicity, caregiver not US born, family risk score, maltreatment types at initial investigation, whether the initial report was substantiated, whether the child experienced an out-of-home placement prior to his or her baseline assessment, and number of months between the baseline and follow-up assessments) were differenced out of the fixed effects models (Model 7) such that these effects were not directly estimated under this specification. Standard errors from the difference-in-difference models (Model 6) were corrected for intra-cluster correlation due to multiple observations of each child.

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001.