Figure 9.

Intestinal contractility and neurotransmitter release are increased in GFAP–Gdnf transgenic mice. A, Circular and longitudinal muscle contractile force was determined after various intensities of electric field stimulation (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 Hz). In all regions evaluated, contractility was stronger in GFAP–Gdnf than in WT mice at 5 or 10 Hz stimulation. B, C, Electric field stimulation results in increased neurotransmitter release for VIP (B) and substance P (C) in both WT and GFAP–Gdnf mice. The increase in transmitter release is greater in GFAP–Gdnf than in WT animals. n = 4 mice of each genotype. Error bars represent ±SEM. *p < 0.05 for GFAP–Gdnf versus WT mice at each electric field strength.