Table 1.
Clinical characteristics by breakfast category
| Breakfast eater (n = 34) |
Occasional breakfast eater (n = 39) |
Breakfast skipper (n = 20) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male, female) | 19/15 | 22/17 | 12/8 | 0.785 |
| Age (years) | 14.3 ± 2.0 | 14.2 ± 1.6 | 13.9 ± 1.1 | 0.675 |
| Tanner stage | 3.41 ± 1.4 | 3.74 ± 1.2 | 3.55 ± 1.4 | 0.585 |
| Height (cm) | 161.0 ± 1.6 | 163.3 ± 1.5 | 162.2 ± 1.6 | 0.563 |
| Weight (kg) | 76.7 ± 3.7 | 83.6 ± 3.0 | 83.6 ± 3.6 | 0.262 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 6.9 | 31.2 ± 5.5 | 31.6 ± 5.0 | 0.282 |
| BMI percentile | 94.8 ± 5.3 | 95.6 ± 9.9 | 96.9 ± 4.9 | 0.597 |
| Total fat (kg) | 24.2 ± 9.1 | 29.4 ± 10.7 | 30.1 ± 7.6 | 0.063 |
| Total lean tissue mass (kg) | 46.1 ± 10.0 | 49.5 ± 12.9 | 50.0 ± 9.8 | 0.796 |
| IAAT (cm2) | 29.2 ± 14.8c | 33.5 ± 19.4a | 49.1 ± 22.1b,d | 0.006 |
| SAAT (cm2) | 333.0 ± 134.6 | 369.4 ± 153.5 | 386.0 ± 105.9 | 0.817 |
| n = 31 | n = 35 | n = 17 | ||
| SI [×10−4 min−1/μU/ml)] | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.077 |
| AIR [μU/ml × 10 min] | 1,340.9 ± 491.7 | 1,404.9 ± 707.6 | 1,648.8 ± 1,223.7 | 0.212 |
| DI (× 10−4/min−1) | 2,330.2 ± 892.4 | 2,092.5 ± 816.2 | 1,719.4 ± 990.0 | 0.060 |
Data are mean ± s.d. Analyses were based on log scores for the following variables: IAAT, SI, AIR, and DI. P values were calculated using χ2-test (age and Tanner) and analysis of covariance. Covariates included sex Tanner, energy, total fat mass, and total lean tissue mass (for IAAT and SAAT). Means with different letters (a and b) across breakfast groups are significantly different from one another using Bonferroni multiple comparisons (P ≤ 0.01). Means with different letters (c and d) show a trend (P < 0.10).
AIR, acute insulin response; DI, disposition index; IAAT, intra-abdominal adipose tissue; SAAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue; SI, insulin sensitivity.