TABLE 2.
Changes in strength and dietary outcomes: across-group effects for evaluable participants (n = 41).
| Outcomesa | C (n = 7) | N (n = 10) | N + ST (n = 9) | N + CAST (n = 15) | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strength | |||||
| Bench press (lb) | 8.6 (6.3) | −1.70 (12.0)c | 27.5 (18.3)d | 1.0 (11.7)c | <0.001 |
| Leg press (lb) | −10.0 (65.7)eh | 43.8 (63.2) | 126.9 (129.3)f | 49.7 (58.3)g | 0.030 |
| Accelerometry | |||||
| Total counts (min·d−1) | 32.9 (96.5) | 65.9 (143.1) | 37.8 (215.9) | −23.9 (89.5) | 0.574 |
| Light activity (% time·d−1) | 0.2 (3.3) | −0.1 (4.3) | −2.0 (12.8) | 2.1 (5.7) | 0.076 |
| MVPA (% time·d−1) | 1.1 (1.5) | 2.0 (3.0) | 0.9 (5.9) | −0.2 (2.4) | 0.559 |
| 3DPAR | |||||
| Light PA (% time·d−1) | −8.4 (1.1) | −4.3 (7.7) | −9.9 (16.5) | −3.1 (9.8) | 0.483 |
| MVPA (% time·d−1) | 8.4 (1.1) | 4.3 (7.7) | 9.9 (16.5) | 3.1 (9.8) | 0.483 |
| Dietary | |||||
| Energy (kcal·d−1) | 285.2 (585.7)g | −210.4 (460.4) | −341.6 (354.5)h | −86.4 (626.6) | 0.078 |
| Carbohydrate (g·d−1) | 38.3 (104.2)g | −31.8 (76.8)h | −42.7 (84.4) | 6.8 (69.4) | 0.077 |
| Protein (g·d−1) | 10.0 (12.3) | −5.7 (15.4) | −6.8 (12.4) | −5.2 (24.0) | 0.607 |
| Fat (g·d−1) | 10.7 (18.6) | −6.0 (20.6) | −15.4 (13.8) | −8.8 (39.0) | 0.379 |
| Total sugar (g·d−1) | 1.4 (37.9)e | −18.8 (27.1) | −14.8 (45.5) | −45.5 (27.9)f | 0.019 |
| Added sugar (g·d−1) | 5.3 (28.3)c | −29.7 (37.2)d | −14.5 (38.6) | 1.4 (43.5)c | 0.005 |
| Fiber (g·d−1) | 4.2 (9.0) | 1.7 (11.3) | −1.0 (11.2) | 4.6 (9.2) | 0.794 |
Sample sizes for dietary variables are as follows: C (n = 6); N (n = 10); N + ST (n = 7); and N + CSAT (n = 15).
Sample sizes for accelerometer variables are as follows: C (n = 4); N (n = 10); N + ST (n = 5); and N + CSAT (n = 9).
Data are adjusted change scores; mean (SD).
P values were calculated using ANCOVA. Covariates included Tanner, baseline value of the dependent variable, and sibling pairs (for leg press and added sugar because significant in the model). Dietary variables included calories not attributed to nutrient-dependent variable as a covariate. Analyses were based on log scores for the following variables: bench and leg press.
Means with different letters (c and d) across intervention groups are significantly different from one another using Bonferroni multiple comparisons (P ≤ 0.01).
Means with different letters (c and d) across intervention groups are significantly different from one another using Bonferroni multiple comparisons (P ≤ 0.01).
Means with different letters (e and f) across intervention groups are significantly different from one another using Bonferroni multiple comparisons (P ≤ 0.05).
Means with different letters (e and f) across intervention groups are significantly different from one another using Bonferroni multiple comparisons (P ≤ 0.05).
Means with different letters (g and h) show a trend across intervention groups using Bonferroni multiple comparisons (P ≤ 0.10).
Means with different letters (g and h) show a trend across intervention groups using Bonferroni multiple comparisons (P ≤ 0.10).
C, control; N, nutrition only; N + ST, nutrition + strength training; and N + CAST, nutrition + combination of aerobic and strength training; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; 3DPAR, 3-d physical activity recall; and light PA, light physical activity.