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. 2009 Sep 6;2009:360764. doi: 10.1155/2009/360764

Table 12.

Studies investigating the relationship between dietary and serum levels of carotenoids and risk for ARM.

Study No. of cases Measure of risk factor Type of ARM Odds ratio or relative risk 95% confidence interval
Cross-Sectional Studies

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III [245] 8222 Dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin Pigmentary abnormalities 0.1 (Younger age groups) 0.1–0.3
Serum level of lutein and zeaxanthin Early ARM 1.0 0.6–1.5

Prospective Studies

Beaver Dam Eye Study [237] 1709 Dietary intake of pro-vitamin A carotenoids Large drusen 0.53 0.3–1.0
0.45 0.2–1.0

Blue Mountains Eye Study [226, 242] 2900 Dietary intake of carotene Early ARM 0.7 0.4–1.1
Late ARM 0.7 0.3–2.0

Blue Mountains Eye Study [226, 242] 1989 Dietary intake of α- and β-carotene Early ARM 1.3 (α-carotene) 0.8–2.2
1.2 (β-carotene) 0.7–2.1

Rotterdam Study [235] 4170 Dietary intake of β-carotene in combination with vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc Early and late ARM 0.65 0.46–0.92

Pathologies Oculaires Liees a L'Age [246] 899 Plasma Levels of zeaxanthin Early and Late ARM 0.07 0.01–0.58
Combined plasma level of lutein and zeaxanthin Early and late ARM 0.21 0.05–0.79