Table 12.
Studies investigating the relationship between dietary and serum levels of carotenoids and risk for ARM.
Study | No. of cases | Measure of risk factor | Type of ARM | Odds ratio or relative risk | 95% confidence interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-Sectional Studies | |||||
| |||||
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III [245] | 8222 | Dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin | Pigmentary abnormalities | 0.1 (Younger age groups) | 0.1–0.3 |
Serum level of lutein and zeaxanthin | Early ARM | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 | ||
| |||||
Prospective Studies | |||||
| |||||
Beaver Dam Eye Study [237] | 1709 | Dietary intake of pro-vitamin A carotenoids | Large drusen | 0.53 | 0.3–1.0 |
0.45 | 0.2–1.0 | ||||
| |||||
Blue Mountains Eye Study [226, 242] | 2900 | Dietary intake of carotene | Early ARM | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 |
Late ARM | 0.7 | 0.3–2.0 | |||
| |||||
Blue Mountains Eye Study [226, 242] | 1989 | Dietary intake of α- and β-carotene | Early ARM | 1.3 (α-carotene) | 0.8–2.2 |
1.2 (β-carotene) | 0.7–2.1 | ||||
| |||||
Rotterdam Study [235] | 4170 | Dietary intake of β-carotene in combination with vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc | Early and late ARM | 0.65 | 0.46–0.92 |
| |||||
Pathologies Oculaires Liees a L'Age [246] | 899 | Plasma Levels of zeaxanthin | Early and Late ARM | 0.07 | 0.01–0.58 |
Combined plasma level of lutein and zeaxanthin | Early and late ARM | 0.21 | 0.05–0.79 |