Table 16.

Studies investigating the relationship between refractive error and risk for ARM.

Study	No. of cases	Measure of risk factor	Type of ARM	Odds ratio or relative risk	95% confidence interval
Cross-Sectional Studies
Blue Mountains Eye Study [263]	3654	Each diopter of increase in mean spherical equivalent	Early ARM	1.1	1.0–1.2
			Late ARM	1.0	0.9–1.1
Rotterdam Study [264]	6209	Each diopter of increase towards hypermetropia	Early ARM	1.09	1.04–1.14
			Late ARM	1.09	1.01–1.19
Beijing Eye Study [37]	4439	Hypermetropia	Early ARM	N/A	1.1–1.34
			Late ARM		0.76–1.05
Prospective Studies
Blue Mountains Eye Study [265]	2335	Each diopter of increase in mean spherical equivalent	Early ARM	1.1	0.98–1.15
			Late ARM	1.1	0.9–1.2
Beaver Dam Eye Study [266]	3684	Hypermetropia +1.00 diopter or more	Early ARM	0.86	0.62–1.19 (Right Eye)
				0.75	0.55–1.03 (Left Eye)
			Late ARM	2.09	0.30–14.49 (Right Eye)
				3.56	0.59–21.74 (Left Eye)
Beaver Dam Eye Study [266]	3306	Hypermetropia +1.00 diopter or more	Early ARM	0.9	0.7–1.1
			Late ARM	1.2	0.6–2.3
Rotterdam Study [264]	4935	Each diopter of increase towards hypermetropia	Early and late ARM	1.05	1.01–1.10